Essentials (Easy Questions)

(Dorsal) Toward the Rear

Toward the Head

Away from the Head

Toward the Midline

Away from the Midline

Toward attached end of limb, origin of structure, or midline

away from attached end of limb, origin of structure, or midline

external; close to or on the surface

internal; beneath superficial

between neck & abdomen; Chest (thorax)

back - between abdomen & pelvis

Sole of foot

top surface of feet & hands

anterior surface of hands

imaginary line that divides body into right & left sections

imaginary section dividing body into anterior & posterior parts

imaginary horizontal line that divides body into superior & inferior sections

Cells, tissues, organs, and systems

most basic structural level; make up tissues

2nd most basic structural level; make up organs

3rd most basic structural level; formed by 2 or more tissues

most complext structural level; composed of organs that function cooperatively & have a common purpose

Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Digestive, Skeletal, Nervous, Muscular, and Endocrine

Closed - circuit system composed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood

Plays important role in temperature regulation and acid base balance

Blood flows from heart to arteries, to capilaries, to veins, back to heart, to the lungs, back to heart again, back to arteries.

delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues, removes waste, links internal and external environment by transporting between the two

mouth & nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, prim. bronchii, sec. bronchii, bronchioles, alveoli, & lungs

food - mouth, digestive tract, mechanical food prep., chemical food prep., absorption into circulatory and lymphatic systems, defacation

CNS=Completely enclosed in bone, PNS=connected to extremities

S: free movement, C: held by cartilage; no movement/ joint cavity, F: held by fiber; little movement; no joint cavity

Arteries - Arterioles, Capillaries, Veins - Venules

4 chambers, 2 pumps in one (right=pulmonary circulation; left=systemic circulation)

contraction phase, blood leaves ventricles

relaxation phase, blood fills ventricles

exchange gases between external and internal environ. & tissues, replaces oxygen & removes waste from blood, acid-base balance regulation

feeling is a warning of possible injury

Small intestine

skin

pectarolis major, latissimus dorsi

rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face downward

rotation of the hands and forearms so that the palms face upward

age, gender, joint structure & past injury, tissue temp., circadian variations

tendons, ligaments, & fasciae

it explains how bones increase in density in response to stress through excersize

skeletal (voluntary), smooth musc. (involuntary), cardiac. (involuntary)

fast twitch (type 2 - 2x & 2a), slow twitch (type 1)

type 2a

the capacity of the heart & lungs to deliver blood & oxygen to musc.

carbs, fats, and protein

before VT1: speaking is confortable, VT1: speaking is difficult, VT2: not comfortable to speak

104 f (40 c)

hot-humid

7-10 day acclimatization, lightweight/color clothing, no impermeable clothing, hydrate freq. & small, replace body lbs in h2o, ventilation

layers, head cover, ventilation, use wool, nylon, gortex, hydrate, monitor body lbs, toward wind first

reduce excersize intensity, 2 weeks - several month acclimatization

shortness of breath, headache, lightheaded, and nausea

work out in the early morning, avoid high traffic urban areas, if necessary do indoors

amount of body fat essential for life (2 - 5 % for men; 10 - 13 % for women)

body fat stored in excess of essential fat

performs support, movement, protection, storage & formation of blood cells; provides attachment sites for most musc.'s

FE: living - red/white blood cells, platelets; P: non-living water & dissolved solutes

gathers info., stores it, controls various bodily systems in responce to input

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Ax: 74 bones - head, neck, & trunk; Ap: 126 bones, extremities

Diaphragm

ligaments (joint capsule) - 47 %, fascia (musc.) - 41 %, tendons - 10 %, skin - 2 %

it secretes glucagon to increase blood glucose and secretes insulin to increase glucose uptake by cells

made up of various glands, reponsible for regulating bodily activities through hormone production

c: musc. acts as motive force, e: musc. acts as restrictive force, i: musc. tension w/o change in length

increase in speed

resists motion

body @ rest = rest, body in motion = motion

1. getting o2 into blood, 2. delivering o2 to active tissues, 3. extracting o2 from blood to complete production of ATP

provides understanding of how body responds to acute & chronic demands of excersize

complete failure of the heat regulating mechanisms w/core temp. exceeding 104 f

inadequate circulatory adjustments to excersize coupled w/ fluid loss

longest musc. in body, produces flex. of hip & knee

largest & most superficial posterior hip musc.

pivot (neck), ball and socket (hip), saddle (thumb), hinge (elbow, knee), condyloid (hand)

forms cap over and around shoulder, any movement of humerous on scapular will involve deltoid

responsible for adducting & downwardly rotating scapula

elevates superior medial portion of scapula

prime mover in a musc. that causes desired motion

Musc's with potentioal to oppose agonist action

musc. that assists agonist in causing desired action

when agonist and antagonist contract together & joint must be stabilized

body's joints make up a kinetic chain in which each joint represents a link

end of chain is free (Curl, Leg extension, etc.)

end of chain is fixed, rest of chain moves (Squats, push-ups, etc.)

the point at which mass is considered to concentrate & where it is balanced on either side in all planes; generally located at sacrum

When gravity acts on body in straight line through its COG

core strength

biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii