geol final deck 1

The earth's spheres:

Founding principle of geology

Precambrian-Cambrian boundary determined because

Absolute ages based on

Geologic time divisions, longest to shortest?

placed at maj geol hist events, mass extinc., major evo innovations, mountain building

Precambrian-Cambrian boundary correponds with

All galaxies are moving away from Earth at high speeds and are moving away from a fixed light source. Theory by

Age of the universe

The most abundant elements in the universe

Terrestrial ("in the habitiable zone") planets other than Earth

The collision of a Mars-sized planet with Earth created

The moon is chemically similar to

This helped us determined that the earth is rotating within its orbit

The creation of the magnetosphere, volcanic outgassing, and photosynthesis helped shape

N and O make up what percent of atmos?

Pillow basalts, marine sedimentary rocks, and igneous grain oxygen isotopes prove that the ____ was formed by 3.8 Gya

Most life on earth lives in this oceanic zone

This trench, at 6.8 miles deep, is almost as deep as Mt. Everest is tall.

97% Ocean, 3% fresh/glacier/ice

The four most prominent elements in the Earth's coposition

The layers of the Earth, highest to deepest

Earth's layers deveoped over time due to changes in

Is the lithosphere-asthenosphere model of layering compositional or mechanical?

A partly liquid, partly solid iron alloy similar to the stuff in found metallic meteorites

Atom isotopes are caused by

Excess/depleted electrons create

The most common earth minerals

A naturally occuring inorganic solid with atoms arranged in an orderly pattern

Glass isn't a mineral because

Minerals are characterized by

The tendency of a mineral to break along weak bonded sections and smooth planes

Calcite/aragonite and graphite/diamond are examples of

Which cools more slowly: intrusive rocks or extrusive?

Which are lighter in color: felsic igneous rocks or mafic?

Which are darker in color: felsic igneous rocks or mafic?

Which are denser: felsic igenous rocks or mafic?

Which are less dense: felsic or mafic?

Dikes are _____, sills are _____ (to sed. bedding)

Metamorphic rock formation depends on ____ ______ of the protolith and ____/______.

Metamorphic pres/temp: at a subduction zone

Metamorphic pres/temp: contact metamorphism

Metamorphic pres/temp: regional/burial metamorph

well rounded, well sorted beach sand caused by

Velocity of water determines ____ ______ when sediment settles to the bottom

Determined by grain size, shape, and sorting

Classified by composition, %cement, and texture

Walther's Law primarily deals with

This is approximately 40,000Km/25,000 miles

The universe would still be composed of _, __, and __ without stars

Protects from cosmic radiation and solar wind

These rocks have silicate composition

Which melts at a lower temperature: mafic or felsic rocks?

Example of a chemical sedimentary rock

Atomic mass comes from

The names of the four eons:

What happened 4.4 Gya (hadean eon)

Our oldest ____ are from 3.45 Gya (archean era, right at the precamb-cambrian boundary)

2.5Gya, this event occured that would drastically change the amount and type of life possible on Earth

The Great Oxygenation Event was caused by

Our first animal fossils occured

Between 40-36 million years ago, our first ___ _______ appeared (Devonian)

The dinosaurs went extinct approximately 65 million years ago at the end of which period?

The Earth formed about _____ Ga

13 billion light years away resides

Who calculated the circumference of the Earth in about 200 bc?

Is the rise in atmospheric O2 related to the rise in hydrospheric O2?

Name the zones of the ocean from top to bottom

Other names for the epipelagic zone

Where does most visible light and heat from the sun hit the ocean?

An area of fainter sunlight beneath the epipelagic, extending from 200-1000km. Known as the mesopelagic

From 1000-4000, the dark, high-pressure midnight zone is scientifically known as the

4000-6000 ocean floor zone, known commonly as

Does temperature fluctuate in the bathypelagic zone?

Temperatures in the bathypelagic zone typically stay at

Below the abyss lies...

The hadal zone is home to the

This type of rock is characterized by large crystals and coarse grains

Rich in Mg and Fe

Rich in Si, O, Al, K, Na

Rapid, fine grained rock is referred to as

Slow cooling, large grained rock is referred to as

Undergo transformation by increased temperature, increased pressure, or chemically active fluids

Igneous intrusions "bake" surrounding rocks

Results from percolation of hot watery fluids

Deeply buried rocks affected by temp/pressure enough to change

Low temp, high pressure

High temp, low pressure

high temp, high pressure

Two kinds of metamorphic rocks

The foliated metamorphic rocks

The nonfoliated metamorphic rocks

Is coal sedimentary or metamorphic?

Clastics, Evaporates, Carbonates, and Detrital/Siliciclastics are all kinds of

Made of sediments produced by weathering and erosion of other (larger?) rocks

Sed. rock made of crystals precipitated from seawater

Sed. rock made largely of decayed skeletal/plant debris

Siliciclastics stem from decayed plant and animal remains, but also clasts of

Siliciclastic rock classification based on

Another type of sed. rock that encompasses evaporites

Basically, sed. rocks can be broken down into two catagories. They are