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reproduction questions
71 cards·by kayleeallen27
1. What are gonads?
testes or ovaries that produce gametes
2. How are gametes produced?
-exocrinally by the testes or ovaries
3. How are hormones produced?
-endocrinally
4. What is the out pouching of the abdominopelvic cavity of epithelium, connective tissue,
and some muscle in men?
scrotum
5. Why is the location and contraction of 2 muscles important in the scrotum?
allows for temperature regulation of the enclosed testes
6. Production and survival of sperm requires a temperature __________ body temperature
below
7. Which muscle elevates the scrotum allowing the testes to absorb more heat?
the cremaster muscle
8. What covers the testes?
Connective tissue called the tunica albuginea
9. What do the extensions of the tunica albuginea do?
divide each testis into 200-300 lobules
10. What is the seminiferous tubule?
-tightly coiled tubule in each lobule of the testes
11. Where is sperm produced?
the seminiferous tubule
12. Where does spermatogenesis take place?
seminiferous tubules
13. What does spermatogenesis result in?
the production of haploid spermatozoa from diploid spermatagonia
14. What are spermatagonia?
diploid stem cells
15. What do interstitial cells secrete?/where are they found?
Produce/secrete testosterone/found outside the seminiferous tubules (in the lobules)
16. Where does testosterone enter?
the bloodstream, not the tubules
17. What are sustentacular cells?
protect/nourish the developing sperm and create a blood/testis barrier
18. What does the blood/testis barrier do
serves to isolate the sperm from coming into contact with leukocytes
19. How do spermatagonia divide during spermatogenesis?
-mitosis
20. How do primary spermatocytes divide?
-meiosis
21. What are mature spermatids called?
-spermatozoa
22. What is an acrosome? (on sperm)
-bag of enzymes that are released to dissolve a passageway to the ovum
23. What is the flagella? (on sperm)
-whip like swimming tail that is surrounded by mitochondria ATP factories
24. What does the nucleus in sperm contain?
the genetic material; 23 homologs, 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome
25. How long can sperm live in the female tract?
-24-72 hours
26. Where do spermatozoa go after the seminiferous tubule?
-the ductus epididymis
27. How long can sperm be stored in the ductus epididymis?
about 60 days
28. What happens to sperm that are not ejaculated?
they are phagocytized/reabsorbed by the lining of the ductus epididymis
29. If ejaculation occurs, where are the sperm expelled to
the ductus deferens
30. What is the function of the ductus deferens?
-propels sperm by peristalsis during ejaculation
31. What does the urethra do?
serves as a passageway for urine and semen
32. What closes during ejaculation to prevent urine?
lower sphincter of the bladder
33. Which exocrine glands secrete an alkaline rich fluid that constitutes 60% of semen?
seminal vesicles
34. What percentage of semen is sperm?
-3%
35. Which part of the penis fills with blood to produce an erection?
-corpus cavernosum
36. Where does oogenesis occur?
inside an ovary
37. What is oogenesis?
the process of developing the haploid ova (egg)
38. Where is the site of menstruation, implantation, and development of the embryo
the uterus
39. What does the ovarian ligament anchor?
the ovaries to the uterus
40. What does the suspensory ligament anchor?
-the ovaries to the pelvic wall
42. what are the sac-like structures in an ovary called?
ovarian follicles
43. what is a polar body?
-a small discarded package of chromosomes
44. Where is an oocyte ovulated into?
peritoneal cavity
45. What 2 problems arise due to the gap between the uterine tube and the ovary?
-infections and ectopic pregnancies
46. What is the perimetrium?
-outermost covering of the uterus
47. What layer of the uterus regenerates the stratum functionalis each cycle?
stratum basalis
48. What are the labia majus and minus composed of?
adipose tissue and richly enervated epidermis tissue
49. What is the homologous structure of the clitoris?
-glans penis
50. What is the homologous structure of the labia minus?
-shaft of penis
51. What is the homologous structure of the labia majus?
-scrotum
52. What do the vestibular glands do? (female)
produce lubricating mucus that facilitates intercourse
what is ovulation?
expulsion of a secondary oocyte from a mature follucle into the peritoneal cavity
which layer does an embryo implant itself in?
stratum functionalis
what do fimbriae do?
create fluid currents to capture the 2nd oocyte and guide it to the uterine tube
which male gland produces a sperm nourishing fluid
seminal vesicles
which male gland activates (increases motility) sperm?
prostate gland
where do sperm further mature
ductus epidymis
when do cells enter the ductus deferens?
during ejaculation
which hormone causes cervical dialation and increases sperm motility?
relaxin
which hormone causes secondary sex characteristics in female and male
estrogen/testosterone
which hormones are produced in the ovary
estrogen
which hormones are from the pituitary gland?
FSH and LH
which hormone causes ovulation?
LH
which hormone cuases production of male and female hormones
LH
which hormone cuases the onset of menstruation by a drop in level
progesterone
which hormone causes the devlopment of the corpus luteum?
LH
which hormone causes spermatogenesis
tesosterone
which hormone causes water retention? which stops it?
estrogen causes, progesterone stops water retention
how does the cortical reaction prevent sperm from entering an oocyte
removes sperm receptors
on which three days of the female cycle is fertilization most probable
3 days starting with ovulation (14,15,16)
what causes fluctuations in the levels of estrogen and progesterone?
fluctuation of the pitutiary hormones