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Biology 2
Test #1 Study Notes
157 cards·by legacy-19773023@noemail.invalid
Natural selection
results in evolutionary adaption
The smallest biological unit of evolution is a(n)
population
The presence of gills in both fish and human embryos is thought to be an example of
common ancestry
The biological species concept cannot be applied to
bacteria
Speciation requires
genetic isolation
All prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms that photosynthesize fit into which
nutritionalcategory?
photoautotrophs
Which of the following makes up the highest percentage in the cell
proteins
A ________ is a unicellular prokaryote
bacterium
Which of the following organelles is NOT defined by a membrane? (This is a process
ofelimination since we didn
ribosome
Information is transferred from the cell nucleus to ribsomes via _______
RNA
Which of the following is not a characteristic of all living organisms?
composed of multiple cells
Which of the following statements is (are) true about a population?
capable of self-replication
The animals and plants of India are most completely different from the species in
nearbySoutheast Asia. Why might this be true?
India was a separate continent until relatively recently
In the tree-domain system, which two domains contain prokaryotic organisms?
bacteria/archea
Place the following steps in the origin of life in the order that they are hypothesized to have
occurred.
answer
How many genes does a human have?
23,000 genes
What is the starting point for change?
variation
What genes are at the top of the chain of command?
Hox genes
What type of organism is thought to be the ancestor to 4-limbed animals?
Fish
Darwin visited many places. Where did he see many varieties of finches and turtles that can
beidentified by their shells?
Galapagos Islands
What is the "war of nature" and what does it do?
species change
What was Darwin
competition drives natural selection
one lilac species lives on acidic soil, another on basic soil
ecological isolation
mallard and pintail ducks mate at different times of the year
temporal isolation
two species of leopard frogs have different mating calls
behavioral isolation
hybrid offspring of two species of jimsonweed always die before reproducing
hybrid inviability
pollen of one kind of pine tree cannot fertilize another kind
gamete mortality
What type of evidence that Darwin had for evolution by natural selection?
biogeography
What type of organism is thought to be the ancestor to 4-limbed animals?
ancient fish
What are the types of DNA molecules?
A, T, C, G
Humans have the same genes as
chickens
Genes are within the
chromosomes
Describe how the conditions of early Earth were thought to be like.
Atmosphere was gas because of released from volcanoes, low oxygen which causes reaction.
Also ample hydrogen
What prezygotic isolation mechanism would describe a barrier between two bears due to being
separated by a mountain chain?
ecological isolation
What are the three components of cell theory?
basic unit of life, cannot form many cells without having cell first, living organism have to
have at least one cell
What two microevolutionary processes decrease variation?
natural selection and genetic drift
Who also proposed evolution by natural selection besides Darwin?
Alfred Wallace
Why is the biological species concept not a perfect description of species?
does not address asexual reproduction, limited gene flow, extinct organism
What is the estimate of living species on our planet?
2 million
How can DNA change?
mutation, variation
What prezygotic isolation mechanism would describe a barrier between two bees that don't
recognize one another as potential mates?
behavioral isolation
Name the four monomers of macromolecules and the corresponding polymer that they make?
proteins-amino acids, nucleic acids-nucleotides, lipids-fatty acids,
carbohydrates-monosaccharides
What is RNA's role in the formation of genetic material?
acts as an enzyme and translate to make protein
Which group initiated the oxygen revolution?
cyanobacteria
How long was the voyage of the Beagle?
5 years
How long was Darwin in the Galapagos Islands?
5 weeks
What was Darwin's main conclusion from the entirety of his findings?
species change
In the embryo stage, what do whale have that adults do not?
teeth
What does the Tree of Life concept represent?
all species was connected
What is a "war of nature"?
brule of battle
What type of beak do you need if you only had flowers?
probing beak
What is the starting point for change?
mutation
What is the name of Darwin's book?
The Origin of Species
How can DNA change?
mutation
Are mutation bad?
neither good or bad
How much of DNA codes from protein?
2%
Which fossil had features of birds and dinosaurs?
archeopteryx
When did limbed organisms appear in the geologic record?
365 million years ago
What genes are at the top of the chain of command?
aristocrats
What percentage of DNA is different between chimps and humans?
99%
How large is the human brain compared to chimps?
3x bigger
Dr. Stedman found that we have less _______ _______ compared to apes.
chewing power
A mutation allows our _____ to continue to grow into adulthood allowing our brain to continue
to grow as well.
skull
What is microcephaly?
born with brains with half the normal size
What is microcephaly?
born with brains with half the normal size
How many mutations can cause microcephaly in a single gene?
21
How can you define a species?
morphology, ecology, behavior, genetic characteristics
What other evidence was available for those developing theories of evolution?
animal and plant breeding, biogeographical patterns, comparative morphology, geology
What is geology?
fossils, processes- sometimes few but they ARE there
What is biogeographical observations?
world-wide distribution of organisms (patterns)
What is homology?
embryological similarities
What is evolutionary imperfection?
reduced, odd structures
What is functional?
similarity to analogy (analogous structures)
Morphological Divergence=
homology (change from body form of common ancestor)
Who is Jean Baptiste Lamarck?
He is a naturalist, first model of evolution (1809), inheritance of acquired
characteristics
Who is Thomas Malthus?
clergyman & economist
Natural selection can be defined as
differential success
What is natural selection?
individual vary in some heritable traits, some forms of heritable traits are more adaptive
Natural selection results from ___________ in survival and reproduction among individuals
that vary in their traits
differences
Adaptive __________ of traits become more common that other forms.
forms
Sources of genetic variation in a population
mutation, sexual recombination
Sexual recombination
meiosis, random fusion of gametes during fertilization
Meiosis
independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over
What are the five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg Equillibrium?
no mutations, isolation from other populations, random mating, large population size, no
natural selection
(Hardy-Weinberg Equillibrium) Isolation from other populations means
no migration
(Hardy-Weinberg Equillibrium) Large population size meaning to
avoid genetic drift
What are the five microevolutionary process?
mutatuon, gene flow, sexual selection, natural selection, genetic drift
Mutations _______ variation
increase
Sexual selection ________ existing variation
maintains
Natural selection _______ variation
decrease
Genetic drift ______ variation
decrease
The biological concept was proposed by ______ in 1942
Ernst Mayr
What can lead of to speciation?
genetic divergence
What is speciation?
evolutionary proscess by which new species form, reproductive isolating mechanisms are
always part of the process
What is reproductive isolation?
the end of gene exchange between populations, beginning of speciation
Reproductive isolating mechanisms prevent _____ among species
interbreeding among species
Heritable aspects of body form, function, or behavior that arise as populations ____
diverge
____________ isolating mechanisms prevent pollination or mating.
Prezygotic
________ isolating mechanisms results in weak or infertile hybrids.
Postzygotic
What are the pre zygotic isolating mechanisms?
mechanical, temporal, behavioral, ecological, and gamete mortality
What are the postzygotic isolating mechanism?
hybrid inviability, hybrid sterility
Hybrid sterility
not able to produce on its own
_______ takes time for differences to accumulate.
speciation
Speciation and extinction are ______
different
What are viruses?
they are not cells, can't reproduce, only made of protein and nucleic acid, are not alive,
hijack living cells, can be destroyed not killed
What are the characteristic of all cells?
biochemical, structural, and metabolic
Biochemical are
composed of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
Structural
have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes
Metabolic
obtain energy from their environment convert that energy to the energy of ATP for energy
requiring cellular processes
________ are polymers. They are also big long complex molecules.
Macromolecules
Polymers of macromolecules are
proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
Monomers (subunits) are
amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids & glycerol, monosaccharides
Protein percentage in cells
20%
Nucleic acids percentage in cells
6%
Carbohydrates percentage in cells
2%
Lipids percentage in cells
2%
Water percentage in cells
70%
Cell membrane made of
phosopho lipids
Where did cells first form?
ocean's edge, within or on clay, deep-sea vents
What are protocell?
any membrane-enclosed sac of molecules that captures energy, concentrates materials,
engages in metabolism, and replicates itself
What are ribozymes?
synthetic, self-replicating RNAs
What is RNA world?
A time when RNA both stored genetic information and functioned like an enzyme in synthesis
What was the earliest cell and where was it found?
microfossil, they were found in rocks as old as 3.5 billion years old
Microfossils resembles
prokaryotes
Prokaryotes lacks of what?
nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Photoautograph
organisms that make their food by photosynthesis
Four major types of nutrition and metabolism evolved in the prokaryotes
photoautotroph, chemoautotroph, photoheterotroph and chemoheterotroph
Chemoheterotroph
organisms that ingest or absorb food
What is an example of chemoheterotroph?
humans
First eukaryotic cells arose about
2.1 billion years ago
Eukaryotes are characterized by
a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
_______ and ______ evolved via endosymbiosis in eukaryotes.
mitochondria and chloroplasts
______ would have stared infoldings of the plasma membrane.
bacteria
_____ of the plasma membrane gave rise tot he nuclear membrane and other inner membrane
systems.
infoldings
______ and _____ descended from bacteria that were prey or parasites of early eukaryotic
cells.
mitochondria and chloroplast
What is endosymbiosis?
the symbiont lives out its life inside a host, eventually host and symbiont become incapable
of living independently
What is a host?
main cell
What are the evidence supporting endosymbiosis?
appropriate size, replicate asexually, DNA, inner membranes, and machinery of protein
synthesis
DNA in bacteria are
circular
In plant cells, chloroplast and mitochondria has to be
together
Symbionts are
organisms living inside that host. They can not survive by itself
Symbionts do things completely
different
Process of creating a cell
monomers- polymers (macromolecules)- cell membrane- genetic materials- prokaryote
cells- infoldings turns to eukaryote cells- endosymbiosis
Last two process of creating a cell
mitochondria and chloroplast
Evolutionary biologists reconstruct _______ by determining which pathways of change have
the fewest number of steps between species.
phylogeny
Phylogeny means
family tree
Finding the simplest pathway (________________) is the basic principle of cladistics
parsimony analysis
Biologist uses phylogenetic trees (family trees) to
depict hypothesis about the evolutionary history of species and reflect the hierarchical
classification of group
_______ research yields an ever more specific picture of how all life is related by shared
ancestry.
Phylogeny
_____ are closer to animals
Fungi
Phylogeny relationships are organized using diagrams such as a tree of life with each natural
grouping as a "____"
clade
There are ____ and ____systems based on rRNA gene sequence
3 domain and 6 kingdom
Anaerobic means
don't use oxygen
Stromatolites are
fossillike forms
Chemoautotroph
make their own food by breaking down their own food. They get there energy from different ways
Photoheterotroph
go get their food from somewhere else by stealing it
Chemoheterotroph, Photoautotroph, Chemoautotroph, and Photoheterotroph are also found
in
bacteria