Anatomy Final Comprehensive

adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary glands

glands that secrete their products by way of a duct (tube) onto a surface

salivary, sweat, and digestive

biological catalysts, proteins which speed up reaciton rates without the addition of heat or pressure. They are substrate specific

a secretiton that is transported into the blood and alters the physiological activity of some target cell

found within a cell, react with hormones that pass through a cell's membrane

found on a cell's surface, when the hormone binds with the receptor it generates "seceond messengers" then alter's the cells activity

secreted by beta cells, decreases blood glucose levels primarily by prompting glucose uptake by cell ands its conversion to glycogen

secreted by alpha cells, increases blood glucose by promoting the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

where 90% of absorption occurs

ions and vitamins are produced here, home to bacteria, stores and eliminates wases or feces, does not secrete enzymes, some absorption

stores bile

the largest lymph organ that functions in removing aged erythrocytes and stroing recovered iron. functions like a lymph node

gland located in front of the heart, large in infancy but diminishes with age, production and programming of t cells

filters blood, detoxifies foreign molecules, manufactures plasma proteins, produces bile, stores and recycles vitamins minerals and nutrient

pumps blood to all the body's tissues

runs from gastroesophogeal sphincter to pyloric sphincter, mainly a mixing and holding tank with little digestion

mixed gland (endocrine and exocrine portions). consists of alphacells and beta cells

secrete glucagon

secrete insulin

all the chemical and energy transformations and reactions that take place in an organism

involves chemical reactions that build up or synthesize large molecules. Consumes and requires energy to drive them

the breakdown or decomposition of large molecules, involves the breaking of chemical bonds and the release of the energy stored in the bonds

molecule we use for energy, energy is stored in the bonds

used to make ATP

the study of the structure or shape of the body parts and their relationship to each other

the study of funciton, how the parts work

binds the small intestine together and holds it to the posterior body wall

the pacemaker. located in the right atrial wall, initiates the cardiac cyle by sending impulses to both atria causing them to contract

involuntary wavelike contractions alternating between the longitudinal and circular muslce layers. moves food into the stomach

the phase of relaxation in a chamber of the heart

the phase of contraction in a chamber in the heart

the movement of particles from a high to low concentration

the diffusion of water from high water concentration to low water concentration (low solutes to high solute concentration)

carries oxygen to the blood because oxygen is not soluble in water

bags of hemoglobin, no nucleus, do not reproduce, undergo very little metabolic activity. function is oxygen transport

ture cells, do not have hemoglobin, general function is to combat infection and inflammation

most numerous WBC, specialized for phagocytosis, primarily attack bacteria and fungi

WBC speciailzed for larger invaders, they attack enzymes and decrease allergic reactions

release histamine, which intensifies inflammation and allergic reactions

the largest WBC that migrate toward a problem then divide and differentiate into macrophages which eat debris

WBCs that live in llymph nodes and are the basis of immunity

cell fragments known as platelets, they function in blood clotting

highly specific glycoprotein flags on the surface of cell membranes on RCBs

proteins found in plasma, they attack and cause clumping of RCBs

proteins found in plasma, they attack and cause clumping of RCBs

much more soluble than oxygen

vessels which carry blood away from the heart

carry blood to the heart, have very low blood pressure

microscopic vessels consisting of endothelium, form extensively branched networks

the amount of gas which will dissolve in a liquid dependson the partial pressure of gas, its solubility, and the temperature

pressure of gas in a closed space varies inversely with its volume, so increased volume lowers pressure so air flows in

each gas in a mixutre of gases exerts an individual pressure called partial pressure, which is independent of other gases in the mixture

left and right atria and ventricles

atrioventricular (bicuspid and tricuspid) semilunar (pulmonary and aortic)

retroperitoneal organs, controls the volume and composition of blood

the ability to stimulate the production fo specific lymphocytes and or antibodies, creating immunity

the ability to react with those antibodies or lymphocytes that were produced in response to them

a group of 2 dozen proteins that when activated destroy bacteria and some cells. they do so by creating holes in thier cell walls

diffuses to non infected ccells then blocks protein synthesis, stopping viral reproduction. Also slows all cell reproduction

proteins produced by the immune system in response to a specific antigen, they are capable of attaching or binding to that specific antigen

large molecules that are foreign, non self, an intruder

causes inflammation

produced by he kidneys in the urinary system and stimulates erythropoiesis

cell bursting

cell eating

controlled by the location of solutes