AP History: Chapter19

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what was the single most important agent of economic growth?

railroads

what were railroad wheels made of?

steel

what helped the increase of steel production?

the use of steel railroad wheels

what was enviable and created hostility?

railroad power

which was cheaper: long hauls or short hauls

long hauls

was there any competition for railroad companies?

who got the better end of the deal when shipping items through railroad?

large shippers

what are pools?

RR`s companies that divided traffic and fixed rates

what did railroad companies also own?

grain elevators

what was the Grange of 1867?

co-ops to sell crops and buy supplies

what supreme court case ruled that states c/regulate businesses of public interest?

Munn vs. Illinois

why was this a landmark case?

it was an attempt to control business

what was the Interstate Commerce Act?

outlawed unfair pricing activities on the part of the railroads

why was the government trying to enforce the Interstate Commerce Act?

the government was trying to control big business

what was the Interstate Commerce Commission?

defined requirements on a case by case basis

what did the Interstate Commerce Commission do?

sympathized with railroad companies

who didn`t support the Interstate Commerce Commission?

federal courts

what was a benefit of the Interstate Commerce Commission?

rates declined

what established standard time zones?

railroad shipping

what was the beginning of urbanization

american cities

in 1860, how many Americans lived in a city?

1 in 5

in 1900, how many Americans lived in a city?

2 in 5

when were walking cities established?

pre-1850

during Post Civil War, was there walking cities?

what was created during Post Civil War?

streetcar lines

where did immigrants stay during Post Civil War?

immigrants subjected to tenements

what are tenements?

crowded apartments

what did the term Gilded Age mean?

covered in gold and represented Industrial Rev.

what were some modern shopping/media during that time period?

Montgomery Wards, Sears, Roebuck, Harper`s, Woolworths

who did the term "New Woman" apply to?

white, middle class women

what did the "new woman" do?

separate spheres for men and women

what did the "new woman" instill?

domesticity- moral education and child rearing

what did men instill?

work, politics and public events

what did educated women do to relieve frustration?

shop (as a way to get out of the house)

what did women do for their children in order to create free time?

enroll them in school

by obtaining free time, what opportunities did women receive?

job opportunities increased

what did women do in their free time?

bicycle, croquet, book clubs, YWCA(young women christian association)

what happened to the gulf between the rich and the poor?

it increased

what happened to average income from 1878-1893?

increased 35%

what happened to real wages between 1878-1893?

increased by 20%

what happened to unskilled/semi-skilled workers?

they barely made it

what are robber barons?

people who exploited workers and created monopolies

who were robber barons?

William Vanderbilt, Jay Gould, Jim Fisk, JD Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Clay Frick and JP Morgan

what did Jay Gould and Jim Fisk do?

bribed legislatures, manipulated stocks, and tried to buy all the gold in the US

JD Rockefeller

Oil refineries

Andrew Carnegie

steel

JP Morgan

banker and funded Indian wars

what are trusts?

monopolies

who created trusts?

JD Rockefeller

what did stock holders of several refining companies turn over their shares for?

turned over shares to Standard Oil for trust certificates (JDR monopolized)

what is the Sherman Antitrust Act?

restraint of trade or commerce in several states is illegal

what was the loophole of the Sherman Antitrust Act?

d/n define restraint or trusts and government couldn`t enforce it

what did JDR do with his Standard Oil Trusts?

takes his trusts and separates them

what else did JDR do?

bought out/ruined competition, obtained rebates, and drawbacks

what Supreme Court case ruled that manufacturing was not commerce and therefore d/n fall under jurisdiction of the law?

US vs. EC Knight Co.

what did the US vs. EC Knight Co. court case make null and void?

Sherman Antitrust Act

when was the National Labor Union established?

1866

what was the National Labor Union?

a Craft union

when did the National Labor Union vanish?

1870`s

when and who created the Bureau of Labor?

1884- created by Congress

what was created in 1894 to honor the working people?

Labor Day

when was the Knight of Labor created?

1869

what were the Knights of Labor organized by?

organized by industry rather than craft-skilled/unskilled represented

who led the Knights of Labor?

Terence V. Powderly

who else was represented by the Knights of Labor?

women and some blacks

what did people want that Powderly didn`t?

collective bargaining and strikes

what is collective bargaining?

workers/owners negotiate work conditions and other terms

who was in Chicago during the Haymarket Square Protest?

radicals, Socialists, and anarchists

what happened during the farm machinery plant strike?

fight, police arrived and 4 people left dead

what happened during the protest on May 4?

a man threw a bomb, police opened fire, 50 wounded and 10 killed

who was hurt by the protests?

Knights of Labor

when was the American Federation of Labor established?

1886

who did the AFL replace?

Knights of Labor

who led the AFL?

Samuel Gompers

what did the AFL fight for?

better conditions, wages, hours, and safer conditions

in Progress and Poverty, what was the root of problems?

land monopolies

what was Henry George`s solution to the problem?

100% tax on unearned value of land

who created Progress and Poverty?

Henry George

what was the impact of Progress and Poverty?

portrayal of injustice of poverty

who wrote Looking Backwards and what time period was the book set?

Edward Bellamy, set in the year 2000

what was the main focus of Edward Bellamy`s book?

socialism

what did the book Looking Backwards discuss?

industries controlled by nat. gov., all receive equal pay, no rich/poor, no strikes/class conflicts

what did Edward Bellamy believe his book was about?

nationalism- not marxist or socialism

who were Edward Bellamy`s followers?

christian socialists

where did the Homestead Strike of 1892 take place?

Carnegie Steel Comany

what did the Homestead strike lead to?

led to a sitdown

how many guards were sent during the Homestead Strike?

300 Pinkerton Guards

how many were killed during the Homestead strike?

9 strikers and 7 Pinkerton`s

how many militia were sent to the homestead strike?

8000- the union lost

what happened during the Depression of 1893-1897?

stock market collapse, econ. slowdown, gold drained by British, farm prices drop

what did Jacob Coxey do?

sent a living petition(occupy movement) to Congress

what did Jacob Coxey say argue Congress had?

Congress could give money to build roads and other public works

how did George M. Pullman make his fortune?

makes a fortune from manufacturing sleeping cars

what did Pullman create?

created Pullman towns where his employees lived

what occurred during the Panic of 1893?

layoffs, cut wages, no rent reduction or price reduction

what was Pres. Cleveland`s reaction?

sent in fed. troops (gov. supports big business)

what did Pres. Cleveland use against the strikers?

Sherman Antitrust Act- said they interfered with interstate trade

who led the American Railway Union?

Eugene Debs

what did Debs organize?

organized a boycott where ARU members refused to run trains with Pullman cars

what was the Public Credit Act?

required payment in gold for union war bonds

Specie Resumption Act?

greenbacks issued during the Civil War would be redeemed in gold

Greenback Party?

platform called for the issuance of greenbacks

Free Silver Movement?

movement supporting coinage of silver

Bland Allison Act?

required treasury to purchase and coin b/w 2-4 million dollars of silver a month

Sherman Silver Purchase Act?

increased ration of silver coinage

when was the National Farmers Alliance established?

1890

who was the National Farmers Alliance affiliated with?

colored Farmers` Alliance and w/ Knights of Labor

what needs of farm families were fulfilled by the National Farmers Alliance?

social and economic needs

what was the agenda of the National Farmers Alliance?

graduate income tax, direct election of senators, free/unlimited coinage

what was the agenda of the National Farmers Alliance?

gov. control/ownership of RR`s,telegraph and telephone companies

what was the agenda of the National Farmers Alliance?

Fed. warehouse for cops

what was the People`s Party also known as?

Populists

what did the Populists want?

elect legislatures and Congressmen, platform similar to NFA, unlimited silver, gov. crop storage, farm loans, union protection

what was the speech William Bryan gave to the Democratic Convention?

Cross of Gold Speech

what was McKinley arguing for?

gold, revive business, end depression (Republican)

who won the election of 1896?

McKinley