ch 16

endocrine system

146 cards·by ilittle1

what type of hormone is made from cholesterol

steroid hormone

A tumor in the hypothalamus, which results in hypersecretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) will ultimately affect the

ovaries and testes

The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Which of the following hormones will be elevated in a patient with primary hypothyroidism, which results in a nonfunctional thyroid gland?

TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Which of the following hormones has effects that involve positive feedback loops?

oxytocin

What type of tissue makes up the adenohypophysis, or anterior pituitary gland?

glandular epithelium

What is delivered over the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?

releasing and inhibiting hormones

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?

ADH and oxytocin

Which of the following organs contains target cells for oxytocin?

mammary glands

Which of the following is a gonadotropin?

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

When growth hormone levels are low, which hormone stimulates its release?

GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plate closes causes a disorder known as:

acromegaly

What hormone is made by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland?

calcitonin

Place the following hormones in the correct order of their control, from first tier to third tier.

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), production of T3 and T4

What is a symptom of hyperthyroidism?

wieght loss, heart intolerance, disruptions in blood pressure and heart rhythms , goiter and enlargement of thyroid gland, with bulgin eyes.

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

hypocalcemia

Harrie has fragile bones that easily fracture. Which hormone should be checked for normal levels?

parathyroid hormone

Which hormones work synergistically to retain water?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

What hormone(s) determines the basal metabolic rate at rest when fasting?

thyroid hormone

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes:

vasodilation

What is the target tissue of erythropoietin (EPO)?

red bone marrow

Secondary sex characteristics of females are stimulated by:

estrogens

Testosterone is primarily produced by the:

testes

Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of:

T lymphocytes

What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon?

insulin

Type I diabetes mellitus is caused by a lack of:

insulin

What might accompany an overdose of insulin?

hypoglycemia

What is the main function of glucagon?

raise glucose levels

Which pancreatic cells release insulin and glucagon?

pancreatic islets

Which hormones of the HPA axis stimulate the synthesis of epinephrine by chromaffin cells?

ACTH

which is effect of epinephrine

constricts blood vessels, increase heart rate, dilates pupils, dilates blood vessels (brinchioles)

Cushing's disease results from:

hypersecretion of cortisol

Which hormone acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent?

cortisol

Which hormone promotes gluconeogenesis as a way to increase blood glucose levels?

cortisol

What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production?

corticotropin releasing hormone

Aldosterone regulates:

extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels

What hormones are produced by zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex?

mineralocorticoids

From superficial to deep, the three layers of the adrenal cortex are:

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis.

maintain fluid, electrolyte, acid base homeostasis, promotes growth, and regulates metabolic reactions

hormones

operates through a series of neurons directly ;short livedaffecting target cells

nervous system

cells in far distance hormones enter blood stream and travel ; long lived

endocrine system

chemicals secretes int to extracellular space and affects nearby but different cells

paracrine

chemical effect the same cell or type

autocrine

located in the core of adrenal gland

adrenal medulla

signs and symptoms of hormone secretion from cancer cells

Paraneoplastic syndrome

generlly hydrophilic and bind to plasma membrane receptors

amino acid hormones

derived from cholesterol, hydrophobic and binds to cytosol receptors or nucleus

steroid hormone

small, amino acid based hormones , hydrophilic and able to freely connect to water

free hormones

binging protein in plasma, hydrophobic and do not connect with water

bound hormones

target cells produce and display greater number od receptors when level of hormone declines in blood

up regulation

target cells decrease number of receptors displayed in response to increase of hormone in blood

down regulation

act on same cell to exert the same effect

synergists

act on the same cells but have opposite effects

antagonist

amount of time it takes for plasma concentration of hormone to reduce by half

half life

longest half life

hydrophobic

shortest half life

hydrophilic

some endocrine cells increase or decrease secretion in response to secretion of other hormones

hormonal stimuli

endocrien cells respond to concentration of certain ion or molecule in blood or ECF

humoral stimuli

endocrine cells respond to signals from nervous system

neural stimuli

regulates thirst, hunger, fluid balance, body temperature, sleep wake cycle, reproductive functions

hypothalamus

controls hormone from other endocrine glands

tropic hormones

induce growth in target cells

trophic hormones

specialized blood supply allowing both hypothalamus and pituitary gland to deliver hormones directly

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

capilaries are drained by veins that lead to another set of capillaries

portal systems

stored and released from posterior pituitary

ADH and oxytocin

water retention and water balance

ADH

disease caused by the lack of ADH , causing extreme thirst and dehydration

diabetes insipidus

produced by hypothalamus and stored in axon terminals of pituitary gland

oxytocin

produces nd releases tropic hormones (stimulating or inhibiting hormones

anterior pituitary

neuroendocrine cells secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones in response to homeostatic variable change

1st tier

tropic hormones effect on anterior stimulating or inhibits anterior hormone secretion

2nd tier

actions of anterior hormones at target tissues secrete hormones that can effect various homeostatic variables

3rd tier

stimulates development of thyroid gland stimulated by hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone

TSH

stimulates development of adrenal gland and synthesis of various steroid hormones releasing corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

ACTH

stimulates growth of mammary glands initiating milk production after child birth and maintains milk production during breast feeding .

PRL

prolactin is stimulated by

prolactin releasing hormone

prolactin is inhibited by

dopamine

stimulates release of gonad hormones in males and females

luteinizing hormone

stimulates to produce chemicals that bind and concentrate testosterone in males and works with LH to trigger estrogen production

follicle stimulating hormone

released by hypothalamus

TRH

released by anterior pituitary

somatotropin

GH (growth hormone)

regulates growth of tissues in skeltal muscle, cardiac, adipose, liver, cartilage and bone

breaks down fat , generates glucose inliver, inhibits glucose uptake by muscles, and increase blood glucose and fatty acid levels

growth hormone

increases during exercise, fasting, and stress

GH releasing hormone

inhibited by somatostatin

GH release

hyper secretion before epiphyseal plates close

gigantism

hypersecretion after epiphyseal gates close

acromegaly

Target cells make more receptors for a particular hormone when the level of that hormone declines in the bloodstream

up regulation

Increasing blood glucose stimulates the release of insulin. This type of stimulation is called

humoral stimulation

ADH is made in

hypothalamus

secretes thyroid hormone ad calcitonin

thyroid gland

small spheres located on the edge and secrete thyroid hormone

thyroid follicles

protein rich material contaianing precursors for thyroid hormone and high concentration of iodine , important to thyroid synthesis

colloid

in space between adjacent thyroifd follicles large cells that produce calcitonin hormone

parafollicular cells

secrete parathyroid hormone from chief cells

parathyroid glands

required fro normal bone growth, muscle growth, and nervous system development

thyroid hormone

large thyroid hormone protein secreted by follicle cells into blood

thyroglobulin

secreted into colliod and converted to iodine atoms that attach to thyroglobulin

iodine

thyrotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus

1st

thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary gland

2nd

production and secretion of TRH and TSH increase when T3 and 4 fail and exposure to cold temp

3rd

produces abnormal proteins copying TSH on thyroid gland

graves disease

maintains blood calcium ion concentration because it is secreted in response to declining calcium ion levels in blood effects

PTH

produces and secreted by parafollicular cells and is released when calcium is above normal

calcitonin

targets osteoclast

calcitonin

decrease in mineral density of bones resulting in weak bones, significantly increasing risk for bone fractures

osteoporosis

superior of kidneys producinf catecholamine and steroid hormones

adrenal glands

outer later of adrenal cortex

zone glomerulosa

middle layer of cortex

zone fasciculata

inner layer of cortex

zona reticularis

whixh secretes sex hormones

zona reticularis

produces steroid hormones from three zones of cortex

HPA axis

interactions that maintain blood pressure with organs through a complex series

RAAS (renin angiotensin aldosterone system)

excreted in r=urine, lowers hydrogen ion concentration of blood and preserves slightly alkaline pH in blood

aldosterone

low blood potassium

hypokalamia

high blood sodium levels

hypernatremia

high blood pressure

hypertension

produced in fasciculata and reticularis

glucocorticoid

over secretion from adrenal cortex usually from tumor

cushings disease

disorder caused by long term administration of glucocorticoid- containing products

latrogenic cushings syndrome

hyposecretion of aldosterone and cortisol

addison disease

steriod sex hormones that effect reproductive organs

androgenic steriods

chromaffin cells secrete mostly epinephrine in response to stressors

catecholamine

vital to stress form surgery, trauma, or illness

cortisol

targets thyroid gland

thyroid stimulaing hormone

made by parafollicular cells

calcitonin

necessary for t3 and 4 production

iodine

stimulates PTH

hypocalcemia

secrete glucagon

alpha cells

secretes insulin

beta cells

secretes somatostatin

delta cells

produced from alpha cells of liver, muscle tissue, and adipose promotes reaction that raise glucose levels

glucagon

released in blood taken to skeletal and cardiac muscles

ketone bodies

question

answer

secretes melatonin

pineal gald

thymopoietin and thymosin is in the

thymus

hydrophobic anabolic effects include those that stimulates bone growth and ,muscle mass

testosterone

regulates menstural cycle

estrogen

peaks after ovulation and during pregnancy

progesterone

able to cross blood brain barrier and interacts with neuron in hypothalamus preventing over feeding

leptin

secreted from kindneys de to low blood oxygen levels and acts on red bone marrow

EPO

converts plasma protein angiotensinogen (RAAS) maintains blood pressure

renin

water regulating hormones

ADH and ANP

low levels of ADH and aldosterone are secreted continually leading to average urine output

normal conditions

determines basal metabolic rate triggering cells to consume ATP

rest while fasting