Vertebrate Physiology I

The diffusion of gas in a liquid is _x slower than in a gas

The primary purpose of metabolism is to produce _

The cardio-pulmonary system ensures _ happens fast enough to produce sufficient _ to survive

_% of ATP is not consumed by the muscles during rest

The byproducts of metabolism are _ and _

Cardiac output responds to _, while lung output responds to _ concentration

The important end result of cardio-pulmonary action is capillary _/_exchange

The increased concentration of CO2 during exercise causes capillaries and arterioles to _

During exercise, _ increases at the extremities, but remains constant at the body core

C_H_O_ + _O2 --> _CO2 + _H2O + _ ATP + _ kCal

In carbohydrate metabolism, _ kCal of energy is released, and _% of that existed as chemical energy trapped in _

The _ ATP produced by carbohydrate metabolism is converted to _ as soon as it is produced

1 calorie raises _ cm^3 by _ degrees C at standard _

1 _ raises 1 cm^3 by 1 degrees C at standard pressure

Metabolism speeds up due to increased _ use; when the supply of that drops, metabolism _

When glucose is processed in the anaerobic metabolism cycle, _ is the end result, this then enters the _ cycle

The Krebs cycle produces _, and leads to the _

Anaerobic respiration produces _ ATP, while aerobic respiration produces _ ATP

The vasodilation caused by increased CO2 is the result of lower _

Vertebrates have a huge capacity to run _ metabolism very fast

Vertebrates can take _ in the absence of O2 & convert it to a form that doesn't cause buildup of _ acid

_ metabolism allows prolonged stretches of elevated activity

In a reptile, roughly _% of ATP produced is anaerobic

In a reptile, roughly 99% of ATP produced is _

In a human, roughly _% of ATP produced is anaerobic

In a human, roughly 50% of ATP produced is _

An increase of _ raises blood pH and causes _

Human blood pH is roughly _, and is kept above 7.3 by _

If resting metabolic rate in vertebrates is 1, humans usually reach _ during max rates of _ metabolism

The limiting factor for max rate of aerobic metabolism is _ output

A typical mammal has a RMR of about _ cc's of O2, while "lower" vertebrates have RMR of about _ cc's of O2

O2 consumption during exercise plateaus at _ cc's, after which ATP is generated _

After 1-5 minutes of exercise, O2 consumption drops and an O2 _ is incurred

RQ stands for _ and is the ratio of _ taken in to _ put out