Cell and Organismal Biology Test 2

The cell shrivels up

Cell swells, stiffens, or explodes

Higher [solutes] in environment than cell

No net movement of water

Lower [solutes] in environment than cell

Water is moving into and out of the cells via aquaporins, but a small amount also enters and leaves the cell _____.

The [solute] concentration outside the cell is 400mOsm. The solute concentration inside the cell is 300mOsm. Which way will the water flow?

What are the potentials that contribute to total water potential?

How does a plant cell reach osmotic equilibrium?

What is the main challenge of osmoregulation for all cells?

How do many protists, like amoeba, osmoregulate?

Which group of amino acids is metabolized into ammonia, urea, or uric acid?

What forces the filtrate from the blood into the glomerular (Bowman's) capsules?

In the proximal capsule, which molecule is moved back into the blood via active transport?

The descending loop of henle is impermeable to _____.

The ascending LOH is impermeable to _____.

Water moves out of the descending limb of the loop of Henle due to _____.

Ions move out of the ascending loop of Henle due to ______.

Select the strategies that freshwater fish use to osmoregulate.

For short distance transport, plants drive osmotic gradients with ______.

Consider your answer to the one above (short distance transport). What type of transport is the answer (proton pump) an example of?

What force is responsible for long distance transport in plants?

Fluid pressure drives water, small solutes, amino acids, and N waste across barriers

Nonessential solutes are added back to the filtrate

Useful molecules and water are returned to body fluid

What type of N waste based on taxa? Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes

What type of N waste based on taxa? Reptiles, insects, and land snails

What type of N waste based on taxa? Mammals, amphibians, sharks

The transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface

Direct transfer of heat between molecules of objects in contact with each other

Emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero

Removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that's losing molecules as gas

Organisms that switch between strategies, sometimes, keeping their body temperature constant and sometimes allowing it to fluctuate (torpor)

Organisms that allow their body temperature to fluctuate

Organisms that keep their body temperature constant

Organisms with a high metabolism that are warmed mostly by metabolic heat

Organisms that rely on thermophysical heat, because they do not generate enough metabolic heat

The process by which animals maintain their body temperature within normal range

Why does heat transfer from an animal to water faster than it would transfer to air of the sametemperature?

Why do all terrestrial animals use evaporation as a way to cool down?

Reduces the flow of heat between an animal's body and the environment

Widening of the superficial blood vessels that allows heat transfer to the environment

Narrowing of superficial blood vessels that decreases heat transfer to the environment

Transfer of heat between fluids moving in opposite directions

What are the ways endotherms can adjust metabolic heat production?

Even though they are ectotherms, pythons can warm their eggs by:

Because they live at a wider variety of temperatures, poikilotherms have to use many different ____ to catalyze the same chemical reactions

As an animal decreases in size, its TOTAL energy consumption ______

As an animal decreases in size, its energy consumption in relation to its size _______

What has higher metabolism? A kilogram of elephant tissue or a kilogram of mouse tissue?

Compared to a horse, does a shrew have less or more surface area relative to its volume?

The body temperature of homeothermic endotherms ______

Compare a 90 kg human male to a 4kg penguin. Which spends more of its energy budget on thermoregulation?

Why can ectotherms be smaller than endotherms?

How do plants in hot, dry environments thermoregulate?

How do plants in cold environments thermoregulate?

Endosymbiotic organelles that were once free-living prokaryotes; the site of photosynthesis

Microscopic openings in leaves

The tissue interior of the leaf where most photosynthesis takes place

Organisms that sustain themselves without consuming other living things

Organisms that use light as energy to synthesize organic substances

Process by which solar energy is converted to organic molecules

The dense fluid surrounded by the two membranes of the chloroplasts

The green pigment in plants

Gain of electrons

Loss of electrons

Formation of carbohydrates in photosynthesis

Formation of oxygen in photosynthesis

What happens when a pigment absorbs light energy?

If an isolated pigment molecule moves from an excited state to a ground state, what happens to the potential energy?

What law governs the type of energy that is released when an isolated pigment molecule changes from an excited state to a ground state?

When a photon strikes a pigment molecule in photosystem ll, what happens to the potential energy once the pigment returns to ground state?

Once P680 is excited, it loses its electrons to ______.

What replaces the electrons lost from P680?

What are the two sources of H+ (protons) in the thylakoid space?

What replaces the electrons lost from P700?

The electrons in the electron transport chain carry a ______ charge.

Electrons movement through the electron transport chain is exergonic, meaning it _____.

ATP synthase is powered by _____.

What is added to NADP+ to make NADPH?

Every "turn" of the Calvin Cycle nets how many glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate (G3P)?

In the Calvin Cycle, ATP is used twice. Indicate where

In what major stage of the calvin cycle is NADPH used as an electron donor?

Which stage of photosynthesis is responsible for making sugars from carbon dioxide?

Both light reactions and the Calvin Cycle take place in mesophyll cells during the day; fixation of carbon dioxide results in 3-phosphoglyce

Light reaction in mesophyll cells; calvin cycle in bundle sheath cells; mesophyll exports four-carbon products that release carbon dioxide..

Both light reactions and calvin cycle take place in mesophyll cells; light reactions and calvin cycle by day; carbon dioxide intake by night