psychology

general explanations for a wide array of social behaviours in different situations

role theory refers to people acting out their presented roles

to change a persons behaviour, it is necessary to change their role

rules specifying how a person should behave

can't explain deviant behaviour

people are more likely to preform a behaviour if it followed by something pleasurable or the removal of something unpleasant

a relationship established between emitting a response and receiving a reinforcement

any event that lease to an alteration in behaviour

can not explain altruism and martyrdom

the mental activities of the individual are important determinants of social behaviour

maintains that individuals strive to hold ideas that are consistent with one another

simplifies the way people process info, thought process isn't observable

human nature and social order are products of symbolic communication among people

focuses too much on conscious thought and cooperation instead of unconscious thought and conflict

the predisposition between certain behaviours is encoded in our genetic material and passed on though reproduction

deals with aggregated, not individual behaviour; try to understand the systems in which people operate (elements=variables)

independent variable- has an effect on another variable

dependent variable- the outcome or the cause of the IV

extraneous variables- possible other variables that might account for the relationship between X and Y

cause must come before effect

cause and effect happen at the same time, therefore no cause and no effect just results

when X and Y are actually also being affected by Z as well

an operation carried out under controlled conditions in order to test a hypothesis; manipulation of IV to examine affect on DV

a study: researchers realized their presence changed the regular behaviour of the workers

any impact of research on the subject of study

have a control group that does not experience the manipulation

receives a experimental factor (placebo)

strong internal validity, artificiality, replication

unrealistic settings, weak external validity, sometimes unethical

procedure for collecting information by asking a small group of members a set of questions andrecording their responses

a person who provides data for analysis by responding to a survey

cheap, easy to generalize, can test many hypothesis at once

harder to establish internal validity, less control over IV, self support bias

D - Cognitive theory

the ways in which individuals learn and recreate skills, knowledge, values & roles according to their role in society

childhood development, immediate friends and family, media, school

how to act in public

anticipation of entering a role (soon to be parent)

changing our beliefs and behaviours for new ones in different areas of our lives

timing and sequencing of physical/psychological development in early childhood

acquisition of cognitive and behavioural skills in interaction with the environment

discovery of the meanings common to the social group. emphasis on communication andculturalroutines in learning process

socialization is organized according to the sequence of social roles that individualsoccupy across the life course (son, student, parent)

our thoughts about who we are and our perceptions of our social identities and personalqualities

ability to realize your own self, infants have low levels of this, happens around 18 monthsafter we realize the self of others

traits of ourselves

mirror test; see if baby recognizes themselves or sees another baby

children w/o mirror took more than one piece of candy vs children w mirror could see themselvesdoing something they shouldn't and took one

the active aspect of the self is labeled the I

the object of self-action is labeled the me

people shape themselves based on what other people percieve

we imagine how must appear to others, imagine the judgement of that and we develop our selfthrough the judgement of others

there is a different role every interaction we partake in

the process of imaginatively occupying the position of another person and viewing the self from their point of view

young children imitate the activities of people around them

children enter organized activities such as playing house and team sports. must take viewpoints of several others at same time

conception of the attitudes and expectations held in common by the members of the group (don'twant to let the team down)

meanings attached to the self by ones self and others

individual traits (extraverted, moody)

concepts of self in specific roles, for each role we enact we develop a different view of who weare. develop into role expectations

we associate certain characteristics with members of specific groups; if u define urself as amember, the char. become thought standards

behaviour is a product of our attempts to control perceptions of situations in waysthatconfirm the meanings associated with our identites

1. identity standard, 2. input, 3. comparator, 4. output

defines the meanings attached to a particular identity in a situation