SSC1 Part 1 of 4

General Education Social Sciences

92 cards·by fuji

ssc1wgusocial sciences

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BioHistory is a new field that?

is used to understand the human experience using biology to explane human behavior and cultural traditions.

According to scientific research- the universe is around how old?

13.7 Billion years

The Big bang theory ??

Began as big explosion that resulted from a submicroscopic/dense/hot knot of energy that flew outward in all directions-giving rise to radia

The universe is still?

expanding- but we do not know if it will continue to expand- or will reverse and collapse.

Explain the steps of evolution as thought by scientist and the big bang theory-Step 1.

"1. Life first originated in the form of microorganisms capable of surviving extreme heat- and then later in the ocean

Explain the steps of evolution as thought by scientist and the big bang theory-Step 2.

2. Simple one-celled organisms then developed in the ocean with the ability to reproduce.

Explain the steps of evolution as thought by scientist and the big bang theory-Step 3.

3. Those organisms then grew in complexity and gave rise to plants and animals

Explain the steps of evolution as thought by scientist and the big bang theory-Step 4.

4. When plants could survive on dry land then the environment was ready to house living things such as reptiles- birds- small mammals.

Explain the steps of evolution as thought by scientist and the big bang theory-Step 5.

5. Mammals were adaptable and survived great climate changes.

Explain the steps of evolution as thought by scientist and the big bang theory-Step 6.

6. Primates took to life in the trees and then began the evolutionary process that culminated in the emergence of humans"

Evolution functions through the process of?..

natural selection

Mendel found that inherited traits are either??.

dominant or recessive

Traits are never

blended- nor do they disappear completely. Dominant ones are expressed- and the recessive ones may wait several generations before reappeari

Variation in species is caused by?

mutation- gene flow- genetic drift- and migration

A process that intervenes to ensure that organisms achieve an adjustment to their environment that is beneficial.

adaptation

A prehuman who lived from about 4.5 million to 1 million years ago.

Australopithecus

Carriers of genes- or the hereditary blueprints of organisms.

chromosomes

Each human inherits a set of how many chromosmoes from each parent

23 chromosomes from each parent

The closest predecessors or perhaps contemporaries of modern humans- who lived about 35000 years ago. They were toolmakers- artists- and com

Cro-Magnon

Change in gene frequencies is promoted because an adaptation to a new environment is needed.

directional selection

A complex biochemical substance that is the basic building block of life. It determines the inheritance of specific traits.

DNA Deoxyribonucleuic acid

Period of sexual receptivity and ability to conceive

estrus

A theory that explains change in living organisms and variation within species.

Evolution

Evolution functions according to processes of?..

natural selection- mutation- genetic drift- gene flow- and speciation

The movement of genes from one gene pool to another. It results in new combinations of genes in the offspring

gene flow

The proportion in which the various genes occur in an inbreeding population

gene frequency

All of the genetic material available to a population to be inherited by the next generation

gene pool

Hereditary units that transmit an individual's traits. They are contained in the chromosomes and made up of DNA

genes

The actual genetic composition of an organism- which is not necessarily expressed.

genotype

Prehuman creatures who walked on two feet

hominids

The science of heredity

genetics

The fluctuations of frequencies of specific traits in a small- isolated population- so thatvisible differences between an isolated populati

genetic drift

The upright hominid thought to be a direct ancestor of modern humans

Homo Erectus

A species whose fossils date back 75000 years and includes Neanderthals.

Homo Sapiens

A permanent change in genetic material

mutation

A process of evolution in which random traits are tested for their survival value; the successful traits are passed on- while organisms poss

natural selection

A subspecies of Homo Sapiens whose fossil remains date from 70000 to 35000 years ago. They are know to have buried their dead.

Neanderthal

The physical- or outward- appearance of an organism

phenotype

An order of mammals to which monkeys- apes- and humans belong

primates

A hominoid having hominid like features- dated between 14 and 8 million years ago

Ramapithecus

When natural selection promotes the status quo rather than change- because change would be detrimental to the organism's adaptation to its e

stabilizing selection

The most important product of the interaction that occurs in groups- especially in societies- is?

culture

Defined as the way of life of a specific people. It acts as a guide for further social interaction- it is a blueprint for livig.

culture

The most basic element of culture is?

language

a system of symbols that allows people to accumulate knowledge and transmit it without relying on personal experience.

language

the smallest unit of culture is?..

traits

a number of related traits

culture complexes

Formal systems of beliefs and behavior- composed of interrelated norms and culture complexes?..

Institutions

The structure of culture consists of??(three levels)

1. Traits 2. Culture Complexes 3. Institutions

Five basic institutions common to all human societies?. GREEF

1. Government 2. Religion 3. Economy 4. Education 5. Family

A group that possesses a value system and goals that are in direct opposition to those of the larger society?

counterculture

an attitude of judging each culture on its own terms and in the context of its own societal setting

cultural relativity

similarities common to all cultures

cultural universals

the way of life of people in society. The totality of what is learned and shared by the members of a society through their interactions. The

culture

A number of related traits that accumulate around a specific human activity.

culture complex

The attitude that one's own culture is right and that cultural patterns different from it are wrong.

ethnocentrism

Norms that direct behavior in everyday situations; customary and habitual ways of acting.

folkways

a number of culture complexes clustering around a central human activity.

Institutions

formal codes of behavior- binding on the whole society; they outline behavior that deviates from the norm and define prescriptions for punis

laws

norms that direct behavior considered either extremely harmful or extremely helpful to society. They define the rightness or wrongness of an

a system of rules regulating human behavior.

normative system

behavioral standards that dictate conduct in both informal and formal situations; a set of behavioral expectations.

norms

rewards (positive) or punishment (negative) directed at individuals or groups by either legal and formal organizations- or the people with w

sanctions

Biologically determined and genetically transmitted responses to outside stimuli.

signals

the process by which order is maintained within society through obedience to norms- folways- mores- taboos- and laws.

social control

a goup that has distinctive features that set it apart from the culture of the larger society but still retains the general values of mainst

subculture

A word or image standing for an object or a feeling. Symbols are learned and can be changed- modified- combined- and recombined in an infini

symbols

mores stated in negative terms. They center on acts considered extremely repellent to the social group.

taboos

a position attained through individual effort or merit.

achieved status

a number of people who are in the same place at the same time- but who do not interact with one another.

aggregate

an inherited position- one that is not attained through individual effort or merit.

ascribed status

the hierarchical system of administration prevailing within a formal organization. The hierarchy depends on job specialization- a set of rul

bureaucracy

The smallest type of group- consisting of two members.

dyad

a small homogeneous- communal- and traditional society. Relationships among members are personal- informal- and face-to-face- and behavior i

gemeinschaft

a large- heterogeneous society- typified by the modern industrial state. Relationships among members tend to be impersonal- formal- contract

gesellschaft

group in which the individual belongs and which confers on the individuals social identity

in-group

group to which others belong- excluding the individual defining group membership.

out-group

The content of the social system- consisting of statuses- roles- groups- norms- and institutions

social structure

content of the social structure/system. SR GIN

Status- Role- Group- Institutions- Norms

The largest social group.

society

Communication through speech- gestures- writing- or even music.

symbolic interaction

An extreme type of coercive organization that isolates individuals from the rest of society.

total institution

a group consisting of three individuals

triad

A social movement reflecting the discontent of people who believe that change is occurring too rapidly and want to stop or reverse it.

Change-Resistant Movement

A revolutionary social movement in which one ruling class is replaced with another in the same society.

Class revolutionary movement

A process of cultural change in which cultural traits are spread from one society to another

diffusion

A process of cultural change in which an already existing fact or relationship is newly perceived

discovery

A deliberate attempt to persuade people to uncritically accept a particular belief or to make a certain choice

propaganda

A thin film of air- water- and soil surrounding the earth

Biosphere

The study of the growth or decline of populations- their distribution throughout the world- and their composition

Demography

The study of the relationship between living organisms and their environment

Ecology

A contained system of living and nonliving entities- and the manner they interact and maintain balance that permits life to continue

Ecosystem