IA

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Missing Data: (NA)

Not applicable

Multi-stage sampling

used for large scale studies across large geographical areas. Successive random selections to narrow the group

What is the T-test used for?

to test for differences between 2 groups

Best level of measurement? IND. Ratio, DEP. Ratio

correlation

overview of the simplified research process

identify area for research, select topic, formulate research objectives, decide approach, formulate plan, collect info, analyze data

Multi-level design (mixed methods sampling)

2 or more sets of samples obtained from different populations for the study

What type of data should be used for a t-test, why?

data should be at least interval as we need to calculate the mean of the outcome of the variable

What does Pearson's chi-square test measure?

whether or not there is a relationship between 2 categorical variables

Why would you use a chi-square test?

with categorical data mean is irrelevant, frequencies are better indicators

Heuristic Inquiry

deep personal questioning, living with the research question, reviewing all data from personal experiences

Nominal Distribution

bell shaped curve that is symmetrical around the mean, equal # of subjects above and below the mean

Graphs for presenting ordinal data:

bar chart

Typical Case Sampling

cases are chosen because they represent the norm

strength of association, 0.02 (pearsons correlation test)

none

Why use questionnaires?

low cost, quick inflow of data, respondents feel related, lack of interviewer bias

Impact Research

try to establish a cause between relationship variables

Content Validity

validates the results of a test or examination

What are two components of quantifiable degree of precision ?

Interval and ratio

Best Measurement? Ind: Interval, Dep: Interval

Correlation

Homogenous sampling

small group, commonalities between members of the group help generate topics for discussion

Interpretive studies

explore other peoples experiences

Categorical data

cannot be quantified numerically but can be placed into sets or ranked (ordinal data)

Graphs for presenting nominal data

bar chart, pie chart

Ho stands for?

a did not hypothesis

Strength Association: 0.30 - 0.49 (pearsons correlation test)

medium

Things to avoid when creating questions for a questionnaire?

prejudical language, vague language, double barrel, memory recall, and assumptive questions

Parallel Design (Mixed methods sampling)

samples for quantitative and qualificative elements are different, but they are drawn from the same underlying population

Qualitative Research usually involves...

non-probability samples which aim to select respondents who will generate rich levels of understanding

Positivist vs. Phenomenological: -focus on facts, locate casualities between variables, formulate tests, deductive

Positivist

Ordinal Data

an ordeing of ranking of values, intervals between the ranks are not intended to be equal

Predictive Validity

shows how well a test can forecast for the future

Best level of measurement? Ind. Ratio or Dep. Ratio

T-test

Best level of measurement? Ind. Ratio, Dep. Interval

correlation

Strength of association 0.39

medium

Identical Design

exactly the same, members of the population take part in both stages

IND. Ordinal DEP. Nominal

Chi-square

IND. Interval DEP. Nominal

T-test

Maximum Variation Sampling

select a diverse range of cases

Theory

accumulated body of knowledge written by experts

Theoretical Perspectives

positivism, interpretism, phenomenoloy, critical inquiry, feminism

0.10-0.29

small

Graphs for presenting ratio data

histogram, freuency polygon

Descriptive Research

what is happening, what methods are being used

Quantitative research usually involves...

probability, sampling, techniques

Action Research

mat combine, the researcher and professional practioners

Positivist vs Phenomenological: the world is external and objective, observer is independent, secience is "value-free"

Positivist

Systematic sampling

every _th element is chosen, choosing in intervals is an attempt to even out the distribution among the population

Standard deviation

measure to the extent to which responses vary from the mean

External validity

the extent to whcih it is possible to generalize the findings for a larger population

Intra-judge Relibility

consistency of data over a long period of time

The t-test compares the means of the groups to see if there are differences between them, if the p-value associated is low then...

there is evidence to the alternate hypothesis (H1) and accept the null (Ho)

Interjudge reliability

compares consistency when more than one person is judging

Missing Data (FA)

forgot to answer

Ha/1

A "does" hypothesis

Interveining variables

independent variables may act upon dependent variable only indirectly

Normative Research

what is happening compared to what should happen

Descriptive Studies

seeks to 'draw a picture' to show how things are related

IND. Interval DEP. ratio

correlation

Epistemology

onjectivism, constructivism, subjectivism

Quasi-Experimental designs

chips away uncertainty about a specific realtionship, best when randomization is too expensive/impossible

Missing Data (DK)

did not know

0.17

small

graphs for presenting interval data

histogram, frequency polygon

Missing Data (RF)

refused

Analytical Survey

deductive approach, control of variablles, generates qualitative + quantitative data, results can be generalized

planning stage

identify question, review relevent literatre, develop questions and hypothesis, identify variables

-1 as a coefficient means..?

the variable correlate perfectly

Internal Reliability

seeks to measure realtionships

Filter Questions

designed to exclude some respondents

Correlative Research

what is the relationship and strength of it between variables

Inductive approach

data is accumulated and analyzed to see when relationships emerge between variables

Intensity Sampling

typical cases where the information is rich

Phenomenological Research

study of "lifeworld", exploring personal world, between 5-15 participants, in-depth structured interviews

Ratio Data

a subset of interval data, the scale is even, there is a zero-point

Operational Stage

conduct the study, use statistics to describe data, accept/reject hypothesis, prepare report presentation

Research Design

the overarching plan for the collection, measurements, and analysis of data

Interval Data

quantifiable measure, numerical values are assigned along with equal intervals, there is not a zero-poin

Positively skewed distribution

Right side

IND. nominal , DEP. interval

T-test

Reliability

an indication of consistency between 2 measures of the same thing

Positivist vs. Phenomenological: world is socially constructed, science is driven by human interests

phenomenological

0.00-0.09

none

Quota Sampling

researcher chooses how to conduct the study, research is done until the quota is reached

Positivist vs. Phenomenological: focus on meanings, understand what is happening, construct ideas from data, inductive

Phenomenological

Face Validity

the instrument at least appears to measure what it was intended to orginally

Exploratory Studies

explores what is happening and questions it. Useful when there is little known, helpful to decide if a topic is worth researching

Random Purposeful Sampling

used where lots f information rich cases are available and there is no reason to choose one over another

Negatively skewed distribution

left side

IND. nominal, DEP.nominal

Chi-square

Association Relationship

relationship that does not imply caution

Two categorical degrees of precision

ordinal and nominal

IND. nominal DEP. ordinal

chi-square

I as a coefficient means..

the variable correlates perfectly

Stratified purposeful sampling

each strata constitutes a fairly common sample, the purpose is to find major variations between the strata

Internal Validity

refers to correlation questions, and to the extend to which casual conclusions can be drawn

Deductive approach

uses a theory to generate a working hypothesis

5 components of a literature review

introduction, review of topic 1, review of topic 2, review of topic 3, summary

0.50-1.00

large

What does the t-value represent?

the statistical group difference

T-tests assume that data is...

normally distributed and that the 2 groups have the same variance

Basic Research

seeks to develop universal principles and the produce findings that are of value of society

Enthography

study of culture, study "sites", as many informants as possible, observation/interviewing

0 as a coefficient means..?

the variable have no correlation at all

Applied Research

seeks to create practical solutions to organizational problems

Purpose sampling

small samples are selected based on the fact that they are information rich

Nominal Data

name, value, or category with no ranking implied

Random Sampling

involves a number generating system selecting participants from a large population

Positivist vs. Phenomenological: multiple methods to establish different views, using small samples, researched in depth, quantitati methods

phenomenological

Statistical Validity

the extent to whcih a study has used appropriate design and statistical methods

Stratified Random Sampling

combination of random and systematic, breaks the population into strata groups

Criterion Validity

compares how people have answered the measurement of a new topic to previously

Positivist vs. Phenomenological: large samples to generalize the population, quantitative methods

positivists

Cluster Sampling

"clusters" are created to survey a large group, hopefully achieve more inclusive data

Nested Design

the sample members used in one phase of the study represent a sub-set of those chosen for the other component of the study