PSYCHOLOGY 7 & 11

how we learn, learning events that occur together, our minds naturally connect events that occur in sequence

A type of learning in which one learns to link a stimulus to an anticipated event, no new behaviors just association

Classical and Operant Conditioning

Any object, event or experience that causes a response

The reaction of an organism

Salivation from food

Salivation from bell

Acquisition, Extinction, Spontaneous recovery, Generalization, Discrimination

without US drop in CRs

responses are acquired from CS

reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause. Suppressed no eliminated

tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS

Learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Behaviorist, First described and studied operant conditioning

Associate our actions with consequences, ( Punishers/Reinforcers)

A procedure in which reinforcers gradually guide an animal's actions toward a desired behavior

Increase behavior

decreases behavior

add something

remove something

occurs instantly after a behavior

Delayed in time for a certain behavior

Continuous and Partial

An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink

A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer

Desired behavior is reinforced EVERY time it occurs, learning occurs rapidly, extinction also occurs rapidly

Response is reinforced only PART of the time, Learned behaviors are acquired slowly and extinction is slow

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Reinforces a response only after a set number of responses

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Pioneered observational learning

Learning through imitating

Psychoanalytic Perspective, Humanistic Perspective, Trait Perspective and Social-Cognitive Perspective

Psychoanalytic view, very influential to psychology, began as a doctor then branched to psychology

A person's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

began focusing on unconscious, considered as unwanted thoughts,wishes, desires, memories and dreams repressed

Freud told his patients to relax and say whatever came to mind, no matter how embarrassing or trivial

freud's theory of personality, says unconscious thoughts and motives are the cause for thoughts and actions

A pool of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories that we repress

thoughts feelings memories wishes that are outside our awareness but are not repressed and are easily retrieved

part of mind that holds things/knowledge of which we are aware

Biological urges, unconscious awareness, acts according to the pleasure principle and immediate gratification

Values and ideas of society

Gratifies urges within acceptable bounds

first few years of life

Oral, Anal, Phallic,Latency, Genital

3 to 6 Children seek in their genital regions

Conflicts unresolved during the oral, anal or Phallic stages

Pleasure centers on the mouth

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

Dormant sexual feelings

Maturation of sexual interests

what ego protects itself with

banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness

We draw back to an earlier, more immature,stage of development

If what you desire is socially or morally unacceptable, you act in the opposite way

Disguises threatening impulses by accrediting it to others, taking the way you feel and projecting it onto others

Making up excuses to ourselves for unacceptable behavior

redirecting anger at another outlet

Refusing to accpet the seriousness of the event

followers of freud

Inferiority complex

Believed that childhood anxiety is caused by the child's feelings of helplessness

Unconscious is very influential But considered unconscious as more than just our repressed thoughts/feelings

common pool of images obtained from our species' universal experiences

therapists that reject the notion that sex is the basis of personality

Person views ambiguous pictures and then makes up a story to go with pictures

Focuses on the personal growth of individuals and their striving to fulfill their needs and claims people are innately good

Believed we are driven by our own hierarchy of needs

Process of fulfilling our potential

open with your feelings, being "real" and self disclosing

Unconditional positive regard: Total acceptance of another person

Sharing and mirroring our feelings and reflecting our meanings

All our thoughts about our selves asking our selve "who am I"?

Believed people are basically good and have the potential to become self actualized

Cannot be objectively measured

Doesn't account for the evil in the world and the bad things of which humans are capable

All of the focusing on oneself can make one self-centered and stubborn

Characteristic behavior patterns or a pattern of feeling or acting

Statistical process that helps cluster behaviors into basic personality traits

greatly influence our temperament and behavior style

Long questionaires

Self discipline, act dutifully, aim for achievement

Confidence and interest in others

Adaptability traits Appreciation for..

Focuses on the interaction of our personality traits with situations

the interacting influences of behavior environment and cognition

People choose environment, environment shapes them, personality shapes how we interpret

We feel we are inferior or helpless in a situation so we become passive

outside forces control fate

you control own faith