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Demmy
31 cards·by jalexander3005
antiparallel
Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run
in opposite 5′ → 3′ directions).
Chitin
A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell
walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.
Catalyst
A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by
the reaction.
double helix
The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands
wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape
enzyme
A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction
without being consumed by the reaction. Most e
fat
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a
triacylglycerol or triglyceride.
fatty acid
A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number
andlocation of double bonds; three fatty acids lin
glycogen
An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of
animals; the animal equivalent of starch.
glycosidic linkages
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
hydrolysis
A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water;
functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers.
lipid
Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids,
that mix poorly, if at all, with water.
monomer
The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.
monosaccharide
The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and
polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosacc
nucleic acid
A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint
for proteins and, through the actions of proteins,
nucleotide
The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a
nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate gr
peptide bond
The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another,
formed by a dehydration reaction.
phospholipid
A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon
chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydr
polymer
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent
bonds.
polynucleotides
A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of
DNA or RNA.
polypeptide
A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
polysaccharide
A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.
protein
A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled
into a specific three-dimensional structure.
purine
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered
ring fused to a five-membered ring. Adenine (A)
pyrimidine
One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered
ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U)
RNA
A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a
ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (
ribose
The sugar component of RNA nucleotides.
sickle-cell disease
A recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotide change in the
β-globin gene causes hemoglobin to aggregate, chang
trans fat
An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or
more trans double bonds.
triacyglycerol
A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or
triglyceride.
unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such
bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms at
X-ray crystallography
A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the
diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual ato