International Business Chapter 4. Differences in culture

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What is the definition of culture for Edward Tylor?

Complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and other capabilities acquired as a member of society

What's the book's definition of culture?

System of values and norms that are shared amond a group of peole and that when taken together constitute a design for living

Whats Geert Hofstede definition of culture?

Collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group from another. Includes system of values

What are folkways?

Routine conventions of everyday life, are actions o little moral significance. Includes rituals and symbolic behavior

What is the meaning of Mores?

Norms that are more widely observed, have greater moral sinificance and are central to thefunctioning of a society. May be into law

What are the determinants of culture?

Religio, political philosophy, economic philosophy, education, language and social structure

What are the two dimensions that are particularly important when explaining differences among cultures?

The basic unit of social organization (individual vs collectivistic) & social stratification and mobility between strata/classes/castes

What is social strata?

a hierarchical basis of socioeconomic characteristics such as family background, occupaion and income.

What are the basic principles of sociala stratification?

It is a trait of society, it cassies over a generation to the next one, is generally universal but variable, involves inequalities & beliefs

What is a caste system and what it involves?

Closed system which social position is determined by the family you were born. Change is usually not possible & carries an specif occupation

How can you change your class stratification?

Through his or her own achievements or luck

What class consciousness refers to?

A condition by which people tend to perceive themselves in terms of their class backgroundand this shapes their relationships

Whats an ethical system?

A set of moral principles or values that are used to guide and shape beahaviir

How many individuals, from how many countries and from what company were the people that Hofstede surveyed for his analysis?

Over 116000, more than 70 countries and from IBM

What are the 4+1 cultural dimensions of Hofstede?

Individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, power distance & long term orientation

What charactherizes an individualistic society?

Privacy, high value on autonomy and individual achievement

What are the main values on a collectivistic society?

Loyalty, devotion, conformity.

What are the main characteristics of masculinity?

Focuses on success, assertive acquisition of money/power

What is the concept of power distance?

The acceptance of the differences and distribution of power

What characteristics exist when there is low power distance?

Decentralization, avoid concentration of authority and fewer layers of management

What means uncertainty avoidance?

Degree to which members of a culture are able to accept ambiguity and uncertainty and how they react

Characteristics of low uncertainty avoidance?

Embrace unpredictable, less adherence to rules and risk taking desirable

Characteristics of high uncertainty avoidance

Threatened by ambiguity, need stable and predictable workplace, reliance on rules

What characterizes a society with a low long-term orientation?w

Personal steadiness and stabaility, emphasis con quck results, respect or tradition, leisure time is important

What other dimensions are in the cultural dimension of GLOBE project?

Societal collectivism, assertiveness, humane orientation & performance orientation