microbiology unit 2 exam

68 cards·by kayleeallen27

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what is catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules it smaller ones

which component of metabolism releases energy

catabolism

what is anabolims

build complex moleules from simpler ones, requires energy and utitilizes the energy produced during catabolic reactions

which component of metabolism requiers energy

anabolism, utilizes energy produced during catabolic reactions

if reactants contain more energy than reactants energy is consumed

endergonic reaction

if reactants contain more energy than products energy is released

exergonic reaction

photoautrophs that use sunlight as energy source and atmospheric carbon as a carbon source

primary producers

use inorganic chemicals as energy source and use co2 as carbon source

chemoautotrophs

use organic chemicals as enrgy sourwce and carbon source, occurs in animals and most bacteria

chemoheterotrophs

what is oxidation

molecules that lose electros become oxidized

what is reduction

molecules that gain electrons become reduced

what are inactive enzymes

apoenzymes

what are haloenzymes

active enzymes that contain cofactors and coenzymes

what are the 3 molecules in bacteria are considered a source of reducing power

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

what is atp's function

the usable energy currency of all cells

what are the 3 steps in the scheme of carbohydrate catabolism

glycolysis, cellular respiration, fermentation

what does glycolysis result in

2 3 carbon pyruvic acid molecules, net gain of 2 atp, and two olecules of NADH

what comes from the transition step of cellular respiration

2 NADH and 2 Acetyl-CoA

where is the electron chain found

along the cell membrane in bacteria

how does the electron chain generate more atp

by using reducing power

what is the terminal acceptor in anaerobic respiration

inorganic molecule other that oxygen

what are some examples of terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiraation

nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, sulfate

how much total ATP is produced from glycolysis, krebs, and electron transport chain

38 total yield

What is chemoautotrophy

using inorganic chemicals as a source of energy instead of flucose or other organic materials

what can chemoautrophic organism use as a soure of energy

hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide reduced iron ammonia, and nitrite

how do bacteria divide

binary fission

bacteria do not increase in number, but they are active

lag phase

bacteria grow exponentially

log phase

bacteria growth and death are equal

stationary phase

bacterial death is greater than bacterial growth

decline phase

-10 to 20 degrees celcius

psycrophiles

10 to 50 degrees celcius

mesophiles

45 to 70 degrees celcius

thermophiles

65 to 110 degrees celcius

hyperthermophiles

where do phychrophiles grow

arctic and antarctic regions

where do mesophiles grow

body temperature/room temperature

where do therophiles grow

hot springs

where do hypertherophiles grow

hydrothermal vents

absolute requirement for oxygen

obligate anaerobes

cannot live in the presence of oxygen

obligate anaerobes

grow better with oxygen, but can live without it

faculative anaerobes

require oxygen in lower than atospheic concentration

microaerophiles

require increased co2 concentration in addition to low oxygen

capnophiles

require or tolerate high salt for cell growth

halophiles

survive at ph below 5.5

acidophiles

grow at high pressures

barophiles

what is antiparallel arrangement

strands are oriented in opposite directions

what is transcription

the synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template

the decoding of mRNA to synthesize protein

translation

how is RNA different from DNA

contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, contains uracil instead of thymine, and usually exists as a single stranded molecule

carries the coded information from DNA to the ribosome

mRNA

the building blocks of ribosomes

rRNA

recongnizes specific sequences of mRNA and transports the requried amino acids to build the protein

tRNA

what are codons

the sequence of nucleotides on mRNA that code for an amino acid

what is the start codon for every protein

AUG

what is an anticodon

a complementary sequence to the codon

what bacteria was used in griffiths experiments

streptococcus pneumonia

which streptococcus pneumonia virulent

the encapsulated form

what are the major elements

carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen sulfur phoshorous potassium magnesum calcium and iron

what are the trace elements

cobalt zinc copper moybdenum and manganese

chemically defined media

exact chemical composition is know, every batch is identical

what is complex media

no exact chemical formula for ingredients, composition varies from batch to batch, contain nutrient broth

what are examples of complex media

blood agar chocolate agar, nutrient broth

which media inhibit growth of the unwanted organisms and allow only specific organisms to grow

selective media

differencial media

differentiates bacteria based on their metabolic differences

what is macconkey agar

differential media that contains a ph indicator that detects acids that result from lactose fermentation

what are nucleotides composed of

phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous bases

answer