Psychology 1101

Initiation or production of behavior

continued efforts or the determination to achieve a particular goal, often in the face of obstacles

Greater vigor of responding that usually accompanies motivated behavior

3 Components of Emotion

According to these, people are motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming

How evolutionary heritage may influence patterns of human behaviors

Behavior is motivated by desire to reduce internal tension cause by unmet biological needs

Behavior is motivated by the pull of external goals

People experience both high levels of arousal and low levels as being quite unpleasant

Theory of motivation that emphasized psychological and cognitive components--how we perceive the world, how we think about ourselves & skill

Who developed humanistic theories of motivation

Blood sugar

Function of glucose

What is glucose converted to/stored as and where

Where is insulin secreted by

What does insulin do?

When resting, rate at which body uses energy for vital body functions

Main source of stored calories

Typical or average body weight

What helps maintain baseline body weight

Primarily manufactured by cells lining the stomach. stimulates secretion of growth hormone

sensitivity of the stomach stretch receptors is increased by this-reduces or stops eating

Hormone secreted by adipose tissue into the bloodstream

Two hormones that reduce food intake and body weight

Neurotransmitter that triggers eating behavior, reduce body metabolism and promotes fat storage

Body has a natural or optimal weight that it is set to maintain

Measure of weight status

When calorie intake exceeds energy expenditure

enticed to eat because of the available foods and anticipated pleasures of consuming highly palatable foods

Who developed Hierarchy of Needs

importance of biological needs as motivators but also higher psychological needs

Order of Hierarchy of Needs

achieving one

optimal human functioning occurs only if the psychological needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied

Who created the self-determination theory

the need to determine, control and organize one's own behavior and goals so that they are in harmony with one's own interests and values

the need to learn and master appropriately challenging tasks

the need to feel attached to others and experience a sense of belongingness, security and intimacy

desire to engage in tasks that the person finds inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel or optimally challenging

external influences on behavior, such as rewards, social evaluations, rules and responsibilities

you display this when you strive to use your cognitive, social and behavioral skills to be c apable and exercise control in a situation

drive to succeed, excel or outperform others at some task

Emotion vs. mood

ability to manage their own emotions, comprehend the emotional responses of others and respond appropriately to others emotions

Earliest scientist to study emotion

The six basic emotions

idea that some emotions result from connections and interactions with other people

part of nervous system responsible for fight or flight

key brain structure in emotional response of fear in humans

James-Lange theory of emotion

Who first challenged the James-Lange theory of emotion?

bodily responses affect our subjective experience- make facial expressions, start feeling that emotion

emotion is the result of the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive label we use to explain our stirred-up state

two-factor theory of emotion

the most important aspect of an emotional experience is cognitive interpretation of the stimulus

study of how people change physically, mentally and socially throughout the lifespan

periods in life during which a child is maximally sensitive to environmental influences

a single cell that you begin as

structure composed of DNA that encodes genetic data

stores inherited information that guides the development of all living organisms

DNA segments that are strung like beads along its length

How are proteins built?

genetic makeup

complete set of DNA in the human organism

different versions of genes

study of mechanisms that control gene expression and its effects on behavior and health

three stages of prenatal development

first two weeks of prenatal development-zygote goes through rapid cell division and implants on uterus wall

week three-week 8. growth and organs and systems form. genes on sex chromosomes and hormones

where umbilical cord is housed

delivers nourishment, oxygen, and water and carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes

disk shaped vascular organ that prevents mother's blood from mingling with that of developing embryo

harmful agents or substances that can cause abnormal development or birth defects

final and longest stage of prenatal development

touching newborn's cheek triggers this where the infant turns toward the source of touch and opens his mouth

touching the newborn's lips evokes this

if you put a finger on each of the newborn's palms, he will respond wit this where the baby will grip your fingers so tightly he can upright

four temperamental patterns

babies who readily adapt to new experiences, generally display positive moods and emotions and have regular sleeping and eating patterns

babies that tend to be intensely emotional, are irritable and fussy, and cry a lot

babies that have a low activity level, withdraw from new situations and people and adapt to new experiences very gradually

react intensely to new experiences, strangers and novel objects. tense, fearful and inhibited

tend to be calmer, uninhibited and bolder. sociable, likely to show interest when exposed to new people and experiences

emotional bond that forms between the infant and her caregivers during first year of life

when parents are consistently warm, responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs

infant's parents are neglectful, inconsistent, or insensitive to moods or behaviors

words baby understands

the words baby can say

Cognitive development psychologist

Piaget's beliefs on cognitive development

Four cognitive stages

acquire knowledge through actions that allow them to directly experience and manipulate objects

the understanding that an object continues to exist even if it can't be seen

capacity to engage in symbolic thought (ability to use words, images and symbols to represent the world)

lack the ability to consider events from another person's point of view

child cannot mentally reverse a sequence of events or logical operations back to a starting point

tendency to focus, or center, on only one aspect of a situation, usually a perceptual aspect

two equal physical quantities remain equal even if the appearance of one is changed

children become capable of true, logical thought. much less egocentric in thinking, can reverse mental operations and focus on two aspects

more systematic and logical and reflects ability to think logically with abstract concepts

transitional stage between late childhood and beginning of adulthood

sex organs that are directly involved in reproduction

not directly involved in reproduction, signals increasing sexual maturity

path to identity achievement

little sense of commitment on any issues with identity

adolescent experiments with different roles, values and beliefs

making commitments

how an individual thinks about moral and ethical decisions

most influential theorist on moral development

three levels of moral reasoning

Stages of pre conventional moral level

Moral level where reasoning is guided by external consequences. No internalization of values or rules

moral reasoning is guided by conformity to social roles, rules, and expectations that the person has learned and internalized

stages of conventional level

moral reasoning is guided by internalized legal and moral principles that protect the right of all members of society

stages of post conventional level

contribute to future generations through children, career and other meaningful activites

theory stating life satisfaction in late adulthood is highest when you maintain previous level of activity

feeling that one's life has been meaningful

deep sense of disappointment in life

five stages of dying