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Chapter 9
Genes
79 cards·by Alaynab624
What is the study of heredity called?
Genetics
The sum of genetic material of a cell is called what?
Genome
DNA complexed with protein constitutes the genetic material as what>
Chromosomes
What are chromosomes subdivided into?
Genes
What is the fundamental unit of heredity responsible for a given trait?
Genes
What is the site on the chromosome that provides information for the certain cell functio?
gene
What is the segment of DNA that contains necessary code to make a protein or RNA molecule
gene
What is the gene that codes for proteins?
Structural genes
What is the gene that codes for expression?
Regulatory genes
What are the three basic categories of genes?
Genes that code for proteins, genes that code for RNA, and genes that control gene expression
What is a genotype?
All types of genes that constitute the genetic makeup
What is the phenotype?
Observant traits
How small is the smallest virus?
4-5 genes
How many chromosomes do human cells have?
46
What is two strands twisted into a double helix?
DNA
What is a nucleotide?
Basic unit of DNA structure
What 3 parts does a nucleotide consist of?
A 5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine,
thymine, cytosine.)
What does A stand for in the nucleotide?
Adenine
What does G stand for in the nucleotide?
Guanine
What does T stand for in the Nucleotide?
Thymine
What does C stand for in the nucleotide?
Cytosine
Nucleotides covalently bond to form what?
A sugar-phosphate backbone
A= (DNA)
T
G=(DNA)
C
In DNA, adenine is the complementary base for ..
Thymine
In DNA, cytosine is the complementary base for...
Guanine
Replication creates..
complementary strands of DNA
DNA replication is Semiconservative. T or F?
True
To make an exact duplicate of the DNA it involves how many different enzymes
30
DNA replications begins..
At an origin of replication
What unwinds and unzips the DNA double helix>
Helicase
What is synthesized at the origin of replication?
RNA primer
What is the RNA primer synthesized by a the origin of replication?
Primase
What does Helicase do?
Unzips the DNA double helix
What does Primase do?
Synthesizes the RNA primer at the origin of replication
What does DNA Polymerase III do?
Adds nucleotides in a 5' to 3' direction
What direction is the leading strand synthesize?
5-3'
What direction is the lagging strand synthesized?
3-5'
What does DNA polymerase I do?
Removes the RNA primers and replaces them with DNA
What replaces RNA with DNA?
DNA polymerase
What links the DNA fragments along the Lagging strand?
Ligase
At the end of DNA replication, how many daughter cells are made?
2
What is the function of helicase?
Unzip the DNA helix
What is the function of Primase?
Synthesizing the RNA primer
What is the function of DNA Polymerase III?
Adding bases to teh new DNA chain; proofreading the chain for mistakes
What is the function of DNA Polymerase I?
Removing RNA primers, replacing gaps betweek Okazaki fragments with correct nuceotides,
repairing mismatched bases
What is the function of Ligase?
Final binding of nicks in DNA during Synthesis and repair. (links dna fragments along the
lagging strand)
What is transcription?
When info on DNA molecule is conveyed to RNA molecule
What process is used to produce proteins from RNA?
translation
What process turns DNA to RNA?
Trancription
What do the proteins determine?
The phenotype
How many strands does RNA have?
single-stranded made of nucleotides
What is RNA made of?
single stranded made of 5 carbon sugar is ribose, 4 nitrogenous bases-adenine, URACIL,
guanine, cytosine, and a phosphate
In RNA what kind of bases are there?
Adenine, Uracile, Guanine, Cytosine
What is not in RNA that is in DNA bases?
Thymine
What does mRNA stand for?
Messenger RNA
What does mRNA do?
Carries DNA code to the ribosome
What does tRNA stand for>
Transfer RNA
What does tRNA do?
brings amino acids to ribosome
What does rRNA stand for?
Ribosomal RNA
What does rRNA do?
forms the major part of the ribosome and participates in protein synthesise
What are the 3 types of RNA?
mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA
What does mRNA do?
Carries DNA message through complementary copy; message is in triplets called codons
what is tRNA made of?
DNA
what makes the anicodon?
tRNA
what does rRNA do?
Protein synthesis
What is the first stage of transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to promoter region upstream of the gene
what is the 2nd stage of transcription?
RNA polymerase adds nucleotides complementary to the template strand of a segment of DNA in
teh 5-3 direction
What is the 3rd stage of transcription?
Uracil is placed as Adenine's complement
what is the 4th stage of transcription?
At termination, RNA polymerase recognizes signals and releases transcript
Where are all elements needed to synthesize proteins brought?
on the ribosome
What is the first step in gene expression?
Transcription
how many stages are in translation
5
what is the 2nd step in gene expression?
Translation
what are the 5 stages of translation?
initation, elongation, termination, protein folding and processing
What does transcription produce?
mRNA complementary to the DNA gene
What happens during translation?
tRNA use their anticodon to interpret the mRNA codons and bring in the amino acid
What is the start codon"?
AUG
what does the polyribosomal complex do?
Allows the synthesis for many protein molecules simutaneously from the same mRNA molecule