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Chapter 8
Microbial Metabolism
128 cards·by Alaynab624
What is the word for all chemical and physical workings of a cell?
Metabolism
What are 2 types of chemical reactions?
Catabolism and Anabolism
Degradative, breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming smaller molecules. releases
energy
Catabolism
What chemical reaction releases energy?
Catabolism
What chemical reaction breaks the bonds of larger molecules forming small molecules?
Catabolism
Biosynthesis; process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules. requires
energy input
Anabolism
What chemical reaction requires energy input?
Anabolism
What chemical reaction forms larger macromolecules from smaller molecules?
Anabolism
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the energy of
activation.
What is a biological catalyst that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the
energy of activation?
Enzyme
What is the energy of activation?
The resistance of a reaction
Enzymes are permanently altered in a reaction..True or False?
False
How does an enzyme promote a reaction?
Serves as a physical site for specific substrate molecules to postition
What does a simple enzyme consist of?
Just a protein
What does a holoenzyme or conjugated enzyme consist of?
Protein and nonprotein molecules
What is the protein portion called on an enzyme?
Apoenzyme
What is the nonprotein portion on an enzyme calleD?
Cofactor
Iron, copper, and magnesium are all..
Metallic cofactors
Organic molecules and vitamins are coenzymes..True or False?
True
What does catalase do?
breaks down hydrogen peroxide. Metallic cofactor required is iron.
What does Oxidase do?
Adds electrons to energy. Metallic cofactor required is Iron and copper
What does Hexokinase do?
Transfers phosphate to glucose. Metallic cofactor req is Magnesium
What does Urease do?
Splits urea into ammonium ion. Metallic cofactor req is Nickel
What does Nitrate reductase do?
Reduces nitrates to nitrite. Metallic cofactor req is Molybdenum
What does DNA polymerase do?
Synthesis of DNA. Metallic cofactor req is zinc and Mg
What does Botulinum Toxin do?
Hydrolyzes protein needed for vesicle transport. Metallic cofactor req is zinc.
What exhibits primary, secondary, tertiary, and some quaternary structure?
Apoenzymes
What is the site for substrate binding called?
Active site, or catalytic site
When a temporary enzyme-substrate union occurs when substrate moves into active site it is
called?
Induced fit
Induced fit is when..
A temporary enzyme-substrate union occurs when substrate moves into active site
Micronutrient are needed as cofactors..True of False?
True
What act as carriers to assist the enzyme in its activity?
Cofactors
What is trasported extracellularly, where they break down large food molecules or harmful
chemicals?
Exoenzymes
What are examples of Exoenzymes?
Cellulase, Amaylase, and Penicillinase
What are Exoenzymes?
Transported extracelluarly, where they break down large food molecules or harmful
chemicals
What are endoenzymes?
Retained intracellularly and function there. Most enzymes are Endoenzymes
Are most enzymes Endoenzymes or Exoenzymes?
Endoenzymes
What is a constitutive Enzyme?
Always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of the amount
of substrate
What kind of enzyme is always present and always produces in equal amounts?
Constitutive enzymes
What is a regulated enzyme?
Not constantly present; production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in
response to changes in the substrate concentration
What kind of enzyme is not constantly present and production is turned on or off in response to
changes in the substrate concentration?
Regulated enzyme
What is Synthesis or Condensation Reaction?
Anabolic reactions to form covalent bonds between smaller substrate molecules, Require
ATP, release one molecule of water for each bond form
Synthesis or Condensation reaction is what kind of reaction?
Anabolic
What does Synthesis or Condensation reactions require and what do they produce?
Require ATP, Produce 1 molecule of water for each bond formed
What is a Hydrolysis reaction?
Catabolic reaction that break down substrates into small molecules. requires the input of
water to break bonds
What does a Hydrolysis reaction require?
The input of water to break bonds
An enzyme cannot be active extracellularly. True or False?
False
What is the activity of an enzyme influenced by?
It's environment
What do Enzymes operate unde?r
Temp, pH, and osmotic pressure of organism's habitat
When enzymes are subjected to changes in organism's habitat what happens?
They become unstable
What is a chemically unstable enzyme called?
Labile
What is weak bonds that maintain the shape of the apoenzyme broken called?
Denaturation
What is competitive Inhibition?
Substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active
site
When a substace that resembles the normal substrate competes for the active site it is
called...
Competitive Inhibition
What is Noncompetitive Inhibition?
Enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate away from the
active site
when enzymes are regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate away from the
active site that is called..
Noncompetitive Inhibition
What is Enzyme repression?
Inhibits at the the genetic level by controlling synthesis of key enzymes
What controls teh synthesis of key enzymes at genetic level?
Enzyme repression
What is enzyme induction?
Enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present
When enzymes are made only when suitable substrates are present that is called?
Enzyme induction
What is composed of mostly protein, but may require nonprotein cofactors?
An enzyme
What acts as organic catalysts to speed up the rate of cellular reactions?
An enzyme
What lowers the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to proceed?
An enzyme
What enables metabolic reactions to proceed at a speed compatible to life?
An enzyme
Enzymes have unique characteristics such as shape, specificity and function. True or False.
True
What provide an active site for target molecules called substrates?
An enzyme
What is a target molecule called?
Substrates
Enzymes are much smaller in size than their substrate. True or False?
False
Enzymes are not used up or premanently changed by the reaction. True of False?
True
Can enzymes be recycled and function in extremely low concentrations?
Yes
Are Enzymes greatly affected by temp and pH?
Yes
What is the capacity to do work or to cause change called?
Energy
Forms of energy include..
thermal, radiant, electrical, mechanical, atomic, and chemical
What reaction consumes energy?
Endergonic Reactins
Endergonic Reactions
Consume energy. Energy +A+B=(Energy)C
What reaction releases energy?
Exergonic reactions
Exergonic Reactions
Release energy. x+Y=(enzyme)Z+energy
Redox reactions are always in pairs. True or false
True
What consitutes a redox pair?
an electron donor and an electron acceptor
What reaction salvage electrons and their energy?
Redox reactions
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What is considered metabolic "currency"
ATP
ATP is a three part molecule that consists of..
Adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups
If the terminal phosphate in ATP is removed what happens?
energy is released
Substrate-level phosphrylation is..
transfer of phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) directly to ADP
The transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated compound (substrate) directly to ADP
is called.?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
What is Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Series of redox reactions occuring during the respiratory pathway
What is Photophosphorylation?
ATP is formed utilizing the energy of sunlight
What are the three different mechanisms of ATP?
Substrate-level phosphoylation, Oxidatie Phosphoylation, and photophosphorylation
What is the study of mechanisms of cellular energy release called?
Bioenergetics
Bioenergetics include anabolic and catabolic reactions. T or F
True
What are the three coupled pathways that catabolism of fuels (glucose) proceed through?
1. Glycolysis 2. Kreb's cylce 3. Respiratory chain, electron transport
What are the Three metabolic pathways that convert glucose to CO2 and gives off energy?
1. Aerobic respiration. 2. Anaerobic Respiration. 3. Fermentation
Glycolysis, the kreb's cycle, and respiratory chain are all parts of what respiration?
Aerboic
Glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, respiratory chain, molecular oxygen is not the final electron
acceptor..
Anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis, Organic compounds are the final electron acceptors
Fermentation
Aerobic Respiration..
Series or enzyme-catalyzed reactions in which electrons are transferred from fuel
molecules (glucose) to oxygen as a final electron acceptor
Glycolysis..
Glucose is oxidized and split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid, NADH is generated
When is NADH generated?
In Glycolysis
TCA..
Processes pyruvic acid and generates 3 CO2 molecules, NADH, and FADH2 are generated
Electron Transport chain..
Accepts electrons from NADH and FADH; generates energy through sequential redox reactions
called oxidative phosphorylation
Aerobic Respiration include 3 steps..
Glycolysis, TCA, Electron Transport chain
What happens during GLycolysis?
2 ATP invested to Phosphylate glucose, rearrangement, split into 2 3-C compounds,
rearrange, Produce 4 ATP and 2 NADH
When are 2 ATP and 2 NADH procuded?
During Glycolysis
What happens during Kreb's cylce?
Acetyl CoA joins another molecule to become citric acid, remaining two C's are removed and
liberated from each, generate ATP, NADH, and FADH
What is the final processing of electrons and hydorgen and major generator of ATP?
Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
What happens during Electron Transport?
Shuttles electrons down the chain
What happens during Oxidative Phosphorylation?
Energy is releaed and subsequently captured and used by ATP synthase complexes to produce ATP
What is Chemiosmosis?
All the electron transport carrier shuttle electrons, they actively pump hydrogen ions
(protons) across the membrane setting up the gradient
What happens when Hydrogen ions diffuse back through ATP synthase complex?
Causes it to rotate, causes a 3-D change resulting in the production of ATP
What part of aerobic respiration releases CO2?
Kreb's cycle
Anaerboic Respiration
utilizes oxygen containing ions, rather than free oxygen, as the final electron acceptor
What is fermentation?
Incomplete oxidation of Glucose or other carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen
Does fermentation use organic or nonorganic compounds as terminal electron acceptors?
Organic
What does fermentation produce?
ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on glucose
What does fermentation produce?
ethyl alcohol by yeasts acting on glucose
What are the products of aerobic respiration?
ATP, CO2, H2o
What are the products of anaerobic fermentation?
ATP, Co2, ethanol, lactic acid.
What are the products of anaerobic respiration?
CO2, ATP, Organic acids, H2S, CH4, N2
What does Pyruvic acid go through to be converted to amino acids?
Amination
In order to convert amino acids to energy it must go through..
Deamination
Photosynthesis occurs in what 2 stages?
Light dependent and light independant reactions
What happens in light dependent stage in photosynthesis?
Photons are absorbed by chorophyll, carotenoid, and phycobilin pigments.
What happens during the first stage of photosynthesis>
water split by photolysis, releasing O2 gas and provides electrons to drive
photophorphorylation
What happens during the first stage of photosynthesis>
water split by photolysis, releasing O2 gas and provides electrons to drive
photophorphorylation
What is used in photosynthesis to synthesize ATP and NADPH?
Released light energy
What happens in Light dependent reactions?
"dark reactions" Calvin cylce. uses ATP to fix Co2 to ribose and convert it to glucose
The main job of chloroplast pigments during photosynthesis is to..
Fix carbon dioxide into large organic molecules