Microbiofinal2

57 cards·by GynecOnco2024

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What is a plasmid

– Small molecules of DNA that replicate independently

what kind of organisms have plasmids

Prokaryotes

virulence plasmid

Genes that confer resistance to host defense mechanisms, or that encode toxins,

Genetic Recombination

cells with DNA molecules that contain new nucleotide sequences

Vertical Gene Transfer

organisms replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants

Horizontal Gene Transfer

donor cell contributes part of genome to recipient cell

Transformation

• Transforming agent was DNA; one of conclusive pieces of proof that DNA is genetic material

Generalized Transduction

transducing phage carries random DNA segment from donor to recipient

Specialized Transduction

only certain donor DNA sequences are transferred

Penicillin works by

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Quinolones work by

inhibition of metabolic pathways

true or false brain and spinal cord infections are diffucult to treat becasue most antimicrobial drugs cant diffuse outta blood into organs

True

Microorganisms can acquire drug resistance by the following

Plasmid transfer, mutation etc

What does the MIC measure

Lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth

Any drug that acts against a disease is called an

chemotherapeutic

Antimicrobials agents that mimic the chemical structure of DNA building blocks are called

nucleotide analogs

______ are serious secondary infections that result from the killing of the normal microbiota

Superinfections

Beta lactam drugs act by inhibiting formation of the cell membrane

False

All antimicrobials are chemotherapeutics agents, but no all chemotherapeutics are antimicrobials

True

Betadine is an example of what group of chemical antimicrobial agents

Halogens

Which has been used to prevent the transmission of gonorrhea from an infected mother to her newborn

silver nitrate

Bacterial ribosomes are

70s

What is frequently used in operating rooms to sterilize items that should riot or cannot be exposed to heat

Triclosan

Characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial agent

Inexpensive, stable during storage, harmless to humans

Most effective concentration of alcohol

70%

What antimicrobial agent is the most toxic to humans

Ethylene oxide

Non-ionizing radiation is

UV light

UV light causes the formation of

thymine thymine dimers

Factors affecting which antimicrobials will be used include

Nature site to be treated, degree of susceptibility, environmental conditions

Another name for the Kiby-Bauer test is the

disk difussion test

What are often produced by genes located on resistance plasmids and inactivate penicillin and related drugs

Beta lactamases

Beta lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of cells

Bacterial cells

Plasmids can be found in which of the following organisms

Fungi, bacteria and protozoa

How are plasmids transferred in conjugation

conjugation pili

Which of the fllowing is NOT involved in the transfer of genetic material

binary fission

What involves the transfer of DNA from a donor cell to the recipient cell

Horizontal gene transfer

In conjugation F+ cells

serve as donor cells

Cells that have the ability to take up DNA from their environment are said to be

competent

What allows for the transfer of the most DNA

transformation

What allows for increased genetic diversity

conjugation

Sterilization removes all

viruses, bacterial cells and endospores

Disinfectants are usually more concentrated than antiseptics

true

Antiseptics are used on living tissue, while disinfects are not

True

The most limited group of antimicrobial agents is the ____drugs

Antiviral

What are side effects of the use of antimicrobials

toxicity, allergies and disruption of normal microbiota

What best describes selective toxicity regarding drugs

More toxic to pathogen than to hosts

It is inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu because

these diseases are caused by viruses

Antimirobial drugs that work on inhibition of cell wall synthesis, work very effectively when the organism is not growing

False

Exampke of Sanitization

A public toilet is treated with disinfectants

Aseptic means

Free of all pathogens

What is most resistant to antimicrobial agents

bacterial endospores

Most bacteria have a natural ability to take up DNA from their environment

False

What is least resistant to antimicrobial agents

Enveloped viruses

What is a target of pasteurization

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

Lysol is an example of

Phenolics

Boiling water rapidly kills a lot except

Protozoan cysts

What has been used to prevent contamination in vaccines

Thimersol