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Biology 112 Test 1
53 cards·by stepre01
Cnidarians & platyhelmenthes have a _____ _____ functions in both digestion and circulation
of substances including gases.
gastrovascular cavity
What are the three components of a circulatory system?
a circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph), a set of tubes (blood vessels), a muscular pump
(heart)
What is the term for the general body fluid of open circulatory systems (no distinction
between blood and interstitial fluid)?
hemolymph
The open circulatory system of insects has _____ vessels with "hearts" to circulate
hemolymph.
dorsal
In closed circulatory systems, _____ is confined to vessels and is distinct from the
interstitial fluid.
blood
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
arteries (away from heart), veins (toward heart), capillaries
In vertebrate hearts, which contain two or more chambers, blood enters through an _____ and is
pumped out through a _____.
atrium; ventricle
Amphibians, birds, and mammals have which type of circulation?
double circulation
In the _____ circuit, deoxygenated blood picks up oxygen through the lungs.
pulmonary
In the _____ circuit, oxygen-rich blood delivers oxygen to body cells.
systemic
In the _____ circuit, present in amphibians, deoxygenated blood picks up oxygen through the
lungs and skin.
pulmocutaneous
Does double circulation maintain higher or lower blood pressure in the organs than single
circulation?
higher
How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?
three
Reptiles have a three-chambered heart and a _____ that divides the ventricle.
septum
In the four-chambered hearts of mammals and birds, the ____ side of the heart pumps and
receives only oxygen-rich blood.
left
Gases diffuse down pressure gradients in the lungs and other organs as a result of differences
in _____ pressure.
partial
What is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases?
partial pressure
What are the outfoldings on the body of aquatic animals that create a large surface area for gas
exchange?
gills
What is the movement of respiratory medium over a respiratory surface?
ventilation
Why is the "countercurrent" exchange system in fish gills named the way it is?
because blood flows in the opposite direction to water passing over the gills
What is the respiratory system of insects called?
the tracheal system
In what part of the lungs does gas exchange occur?
alveoli
How does an amphibian breathe?
positive pressure breathing; forces air down the trachea
How does a mammal breathe?
negative pressure breathing; pulls air into the lungs, lung volume increases
How does the way a bird breathes help it to fly long distances?
nine air sacs; maximum efficiency
What are the breathing control centers in humans?
medulla oblongata, pons
How does the medulla oblongata control breathing in humans?
adjusts breathing rate and depth to match metabolic demands in response to pH changes in the
cerebrospinal fluid
Sensors in the _____ and _____ _____ monitor O2 and CO2 concentrations in the blood & exert
secondary control over breathing.
aorta, carotid arteries
What are the two respiratory pigments?
hemocyanin, hemoglobin
What are respiratory pigments and what do they do?
proteins that transport oxygen
CO2 from respiring cells diffuses into the blood and is transported either in blood plasma,
bound to hemoglobin, or as _____ ions.
bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Weddell seals have a high blood to body volume ratio and can store oxygen in their muscles in
_____ proteins.
myoglobin
The _____ _____ _____carries nutrient-rich blood from villi capillaries to the liver, then
the heart
hepatic portal vein
What is the term for triglycerides that are coated with phospholipids, cholesterol, and
proteins to form water-soluble globs?
chylomicrons
_____ are transported out of small intestine epithelial cells and into a lacteal (lymphatic
vessel in each villus).
Triglycerides (in chylomicrons)
The appendix of the large intestine has been discovered to play a minor role in what?
immunity
The cecum of the large intestine aids in fermentation of what?
plant material
What is the main part of the large intestine that completes the reabsorption of water?
the colon
How do the teeth of carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores differ?
carnivores have very sharp teeth (incisors and canines), herbivores have flat teeth
(molars), omnivores have a combination
How do the stomach and intestines of carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores differ?
carnivores have large expandable stomachs, herbivores and omnivores have longer
alimentary canals--more time needed to digest plant material
Why are mutualistic intestinal bacteria beneficial?
produce vitamins, regulate the development of the intestinal epithelium and the function of
the innate immune system
The hormones _____ and _____ stimulate the pancreas to release bicarbonate while also
inhibiting gastric juices in the stomach.
CCK, secretin
The hormone _____ stimulates the gallbladder to release bile into the duodenum, which aids in
digestion.
CCK
What hormone is released in the stomach when food is present in order to increase the
production of gastric juices (positive feedback)?
gastrin
In humans, energy is stored first in the liver and muscle cells as _____. Then energy is stored
in fat in adipose cells.
glycogen
What hormones regulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose?
insulin and glucagon
A carbohydrate-rich meal raises _____ levels, triggering glycogen synthesis
insulin
Low blood sugar causes _____ to stimulate the breakdown of glycogen and release glucose
glucagon
What is the an autoimmune disorder where the immune system destroys the pancreas beta cells
(usually appears during childhood)?
type 1 diabetes
What disease is characterized by a failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin?
type 2 diabetes
What is ghrelin and what is its function?
hormone secreted by stomach wall; triggers feelings of hunger before meals
What three hormones suppress the appetite?
insulin, PYY, and leptin
What hormone, produced by adipose (fat) tissue, suppresses the appetite and plays a role in
regulating body fat levels?
leptin