Geology 2- Rocks

Mineral

Rock

How they form

Cooling from a melt. Magma or Lava

Vent where Lava comes out

Molten rock, under earths surface

magma that flows on earths surface

extrusive magme

Fire chunks. Explosive magma

Substances such as water or CO2 that evaporate easily and can exist in gaseous forms. Break chem bonds when mixed with rock. Rock melts

Change chemistry by adding water to lower melting point. Add heat. Drop pressure

Environment and Composition

Cools above ground, quickly, small crystals

Cools in earth, slowly, big crystals

Felsic, Intermediate, Mafic, Ultramafic -least

Rhyolite, granite

Andesite, diorite

basalt, gabbro

Komalite, peridotite

Higher silica, more viscous, gas cant escape and it explodes.

explodes

runny

Weathering, Erosion, Deposition, Transportation, lithification.

Loose fragments of rocks or minerals broken off of bedrock or mieral crystals that precipitate directly out of water.

Weathering of pre existing rock

fragments or grains of rock

Degeneration of detiritis via rock disintergration

Physically break rock up, water seeps in, freezes and cracks rock open

Chemical reactions of earth and water break rock. Ex- dissolving salt cracks rocks

grains of rock, sand sized and crystals

debris, bones, shells fossils

Soft tissues of living things

minerals precipitated from mineral solution

coarse-grained, rounded clasts

coarse-grained, consisting of quartz

fine-grained, very small quartz grains

fine grained, breaks into thin sheets

Halite

several beds together

layer of sediment or sedimentary rock with recognizable top and bottom. Appear as layers

boundary between beds

simplest form of structure

mapable unit comprised of series of layers formed in the same way. You can track them

sedimentary structure within a bed, inclined at an angle to the main layer

Conditions in which sediment was deposited

Rocks- sharp edges and angular

cobbles, well rounded and similar in size

organized in size, rounded

Cross bedded, tilted, dune like sedimentary beds

Finer material, clays, annual layers

Web shaped apron of gravel and sand

large variety of sedimentary rock types

Sandy, clastic. Medium grain sandstone with ripple marks

Shell fragments, coral debris. Limestone from shallow environment

shale or mudstone, fine grained, well sorted, well rounded

Increase in pressure, Increase in temp, diffirential stress, action of hot fluids

Pre-existing rock, rock being acted on

Parallel planar layers in metamorphic rocks. Forms from pressure

YES

foliated, very fine texture

foliated, fine texture

foliated, medium to coarse

foliated, medium to coarse. Highest metamorphic grade.

increasing intensity of metamorphism

answer

protolith sandstone

protolith limestone

Look in notes!

Evaporation, transpiration (from plants), sublimation (ice evaporates), precipitation, interception, inflitration-grndwater, surface runoff

where water is stored

how water is transferred from one reservoir to another

Any body of running water that flows along a channel

a larger stream in which a tributary flows

small stream

Drainage basin. Broad region that collects water and feeds it into a trunk stream

High ridge that seperates two drainage basins

Sediment erosion

transportation of eroded sediment by a stream

deposit of sediment to a new area

Maximum particle size a stream can carry.

Total quantity of sediment it can carry. Depends on competancy and discharge

fast moving river or stream

materials carried by river

materials that bounces along the bottom of the bed

silt and clay particles carried in water

materials carried by chemical solution

decrease in velocity of stream

volume flow rate (cross section area times velocity). Cross sectional area is Area.

area= ft^2 velocity= ft/sec. end result is ft^3/sec

Shows you amount of water that enters a stream at what rate. Discharge/time relation.

water enters more quickly. Flood for very steep arc

ratio of drop in elevation in stream per horizontal distance. High gradient= steep slope

cross sectional image, showing the variation in elevation along the length of a river

shows erosion and deposition. Diagram depicting geometry of materials as if we took a vertical slice through earth