SSC1 Part 2 of 4

General Education Social Sciences

93 cards·by fuji

ssc1wgusocial sciences

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The biological potential for producing off-spring

Fecundity

The average number of births per 1-000 women between ages 15 and 44

Fertility Rate

The number of Births per 1-000 persons in a specific population year

Birthrate

The number of deaths per 1-000 persons in a specific population year

Death Rate or Mortality Rate

The rate that reflects the number of deaths among infants under age 1 for every 1-000 live births

infant mortality

A complex in which one metropolitan area follows another without interuption. Urban Sprawl

Megalopolis

The tendency of suburbs- small cities- and surrounding rural areas to cluster around a central city and be considered a single unit.

metropolitanization

The ratio of people to land area

population density

A graphic expression of the age and sex distribution of a given population

Population Pyramid

Another term for the extended family - The way parents are related to children - that is blood ties

Consanguine

Belief that many objects in the world are inhabited by spirits

Animism

A church to which a substantial majority of the population belongs.

Ecclesia

A concept according to which there exists a supernatural force that can attach to any person- object or event

Mana

Belief in the existance of one God

Monotheism

A large university- consisting of a number of campuses around the state

Multiversity

Belief in the existance of more than one god

Polytheism

The objects and events of everyday life that are common- usual- explainable- and repetitive

Profane

Rituals established around critical times of growth and maturation; birth- puberty- marriage- death

Rights of Passage

The grouping of students according to their ability

Tracking

Idea that treating something as if it is will cause it to be. Treat students as bright they will perform as bright students

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

An ideology opposed to democracy - in which government rests in the hands of one person

Autocracy

Type of autocracy in which power is held by a dictator- absolute monarch- or small elite.

Authoritarianism

A type of authority based on the leadership of a person with charisma

charismatic authority

Political and economic ideology whose goal is total government control leading to a classless society

Communism

An ideology- philosophy- and political system assuming the basic value of the individual- and his or her rationality- morality- equality- an

Democracy

A school of thought in modern psychology whose chief exponent was Jean Piaget.

develpmental theories

As per Freud- a part of the personality that functions on a conscious level. It attempts to force the id to satisfy its instinctual needs in

ego

As per Mead- The individual's perception or awareness of social norms; learning to take the role of all others with whom one interacts or of

generalized other

As per Freud; The representative of the libido in the personality- existing on an unconscious level and making up the primitive- irrational

Genetically transmitted- universal- complex- patterns- of behavior.

instincts

As per Freud; The instinctual drive toward pleasure- which is the motivating energy behind human behavior.

libido

As per Cooley: The process of personality formation in which an individual's self image emerges as a result of perceiving the observed attit

looking glass self

What many people in middle adulthood experience when they reflect on their personal and occupational roles and find them wanting.

midlife crisis

As per Mead: The abstract whole of a person's ideas.

mind

A theory of personality developed by sigmund Freud. It assumes the existence of unconscious as well as conscious processes within each indiv

psychoanalytic theory

As per Freud: The manner in which individuals attempt to gratify the force of the libido at different periods of physical maturation.

psychosexual stages

The phases of Freud's Psychosexual stages..GO PAL

oral- anal- phallic (or Oedipal)- latent- genital

As per Mead: The individuals self conception or self awareness.

self

The learning process by which a biological organism learns to become a human being- acquires a personality with self identity- and absorbs t

socialization

As per Freud: A final element of personality- existing largley on an unconscious level and functioning to impose inhibition and morality on

superego

A school of thought founded by George Mead whose theories center around the interrelationship of mind- self- and society and include the bel

Symbolic interactionism

Where was Piaget from?

Switzerland

What was Piaget's profession before he became a psychologist?

Biologist

Piaget's theory that children discover all knowledge through their own activity is described as a ___________.

Constructivist Approach

Because Piaget's theory is in stages- it is known as what kind of development?

Discontinuous

Piaget's theory characterizes children everywhere. This means his stages are ________.

Universal

Piaget's theory always occurs in a fixed order- meaning they are _________.

Invariant

The study of knowing and how we know is called __________.

Epistemology

According to Piaget- specific psychological structures that organize ways of making sense of experience are called ___________.

Schemes

Jean Piaget was what kind of psychologist?

Developmental Psychologist

Jean Piaget was known for what kind of studies?

Epistemological Studies with Children

What was Piaget's Epistemological Studies with children called?

Genetic Epistemology

What theory was Jean Piaget well known for?

The Theory of Cognitive Development

What are the two major parts of Piaget's theory of cognitive development

"1. Ages and Stages 2. Theory of Development (Constructivist Theory of Knowing)"

Describe the Theory of Cognitive Development

"1.A comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. 2. First developed by Jean Piaget. 3. It is primarily know

How does the theory of cognitive development deal with the nature of knowledge?

It deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans come gradually to acquire- construct- and use it.

What importance did Piaget place on the theory of cognitive development?

Piaget claims the idea that cognitive development is at the centre of human organism and language is contingent on cognitive development."

Describe Jean Piaget's 4 stages of development (ages and stages).

1. Sensori-motor birth - 2 years 2. Pre-Operational 2 - 7 years 3. Concrete Operational 7 - 11 years 4. Formal Operational 11 years and up"

Describe Piaget's theory of development also known as the constructivist theory of knowing (the basis of constructivism).

Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposes that humans cannot be ""given"" information which they immediately understand and use.Inst

What processes are used to change schemas?

These schemas are changed- enlarged- and made more sophisticated through two complimentary processes: assimilation and accommodation. "

Describe Assimilation.

The process by which a person takes material into their mind from the environment- which may mean changing the evidence of their senses to m

Describe Accommodation.

The difference made to one's mind or concepts by the process of assimilation. Note that assimilation and accommodation go together. You can'

Describe Adaptation.

Adapting to the world through assimilation and accomodation.

Describe Conservation

The realisation that objects or sets of objects stay the same even when they are changed about or made to look different.

Describe Decentration

The ability to move away from one system of classification to another one as appropriate.

Describe Egocentrism

The belief that you are the centre of the universe and everything revolves around you. And the inability to see the world as someone else do

Describe Operation

The process of working something out in your head. Young children in the sensorimotor and preoperational stages have to act- and try things

Describe Schema

The representation in the mind of a set of perceptions- ideas- and/or actions- which go together.

Describe Piaget's Sensori-motor stage.

Progression from reflexive to goal directed behavior.

Describe the steps in the Sensori-Motor Stage.

1. Differentiates self from objects 2. Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally (shakes rattle to make noise)3. Ac

Describe Piaget's Pre-Operational Stage.

1.Learns to use language and to represent objects by images/words.2.Thinking is still egocentric: Has difficulty taking the veiwpoint of oth

Describe Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage.

1.Can think logically about objects and events.2.Achieves Conservation of number (math-age6,mass age 7,weight age 9).3.Classifies Objects ac

Describe Piaget's Formal Operational Stage.

1. Can think logically about abstract propostitions and test hypothesis systematically. 2. Becomes Concerned with the hypothetical- the futu

Name the sub stages of the Sensorimotor stage:

1. Simple Reflexes 2. First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions Phase 3. Secondary circular reactions phase 4. Coordination of secondary c

Name the sub stages of the pre-operationsl stage:

1. Symbolic Function 2. Intuitive Thought

Name the important processes of the concrete operational stage;

1. Seriation 2. Transitivity 3. Classification 4. Decentering 5. Reversibility 6. Conservation 7. Elimination of Egocentrism

Jean Piaget was a______

Constructivist

Jean Piaget's theory suggested

Development occurs when assimilation is not possible.

Piaget suggested learning occurs because of____

Motivation to maintain cognitive equilibrium.

Janes mother has two crackers- both of equal size. She breaks one into four pieces. Jane says she wants the one with the most and chooses th

Conservation (of number)

Jane has learned to feed herself with a spoon. When her mother gives her a fork- she picks it up and feeds herself. Jane has __________ the

Assimilated

The ability to think abstractly and systematically solve problems emerges during the:

Formal Operational Stage

A schema is____

Category of knowledge that allows us to interpret and understand the world.

According to Piaget- children in the concrete operational stage have difficulty with:

Deductive logic

Piaget assumed that children are___________in constructing understanding in the world.

Active

Piaget's theories are criticized by some due to:

1. It was based on an unrepresentative sample of children 2. Not all people reach the formal operational stage consistantly 3. His theory un

Children begin to develop symbols to represent events or objects in the world during the _________ substage of the sensorimotor stage;

Early Representational thought.

Piaget believed that children in the preoperational stage have difficulty taking the perspective of another person. This is known as:

Egocentrism

Social Science disciplines evolved from?.

Social philosophy

Social Science studies how people?.

behave in the social world that is of their own making.

Social Science does not study??..

the physical world into which we are born.

What is really new about the social sciences?..

that they attempt to use the scientific method to formulate generalizations and theory about human behavior in society.

The social sciences use the scientific method as a tool for?..

theory building.