Circulation & Immunity

3 major parts

How is the cardiovascular system different?

Vessels are...

Pumps are...

What is transported by the circulatory system?

o how is body temperature regulated by the circulatory system?

Compostition of blood

Fluid portion of blood

Fluid from clotting

% of water in plasma

What are the dissolved substances in plasma?

Protein that maintains the blood's osmotic pressure

Protein that transports nutrients and have a role in the immune system

Protein that has an important role in blood clotting

Role of salts and ions in plasma

Name the formed elements

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Cell fragments

Structure of RBC

Why are RBC biconcave?

What % of formed elements are RBCs?

Function of RBCs

Largprotein that creates red color in blood?

Iron-containing pigment in hemoglobin

Where are RBCs made?

What % of formed elements are WBCs?

Granulocyte cells

Agranulocyte cells

What role do monocytes and neutrophils play?

What are macrophages?

What is pus?

What is the role of lymphocytes?

Where do lymphocytes end up in the body?

What role do eosinophils play?

What role do basophils play?

Fragments of megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Life span of platelets

What starts blood clotting?

Platelets stimulate the production of what enzyme?

What is the result of chemicals released by both the platelets and the damaged tissue?

Pathway for thrombin released by platelets

Pathway for thrombin released by damaged tissue

What interferes with the intrinsic pathway?

What is fibrinogen that has been converted to a string-like protein?

Further tightening the mesh of fibrin is called...

Essential components to clotting

Abnormal clot formations (2)

Clot formation in an intact vessel

a piece of clot that breaks away from formed clot and is lodgedin another vessel

High intake of what prevents platelets from sticking together and inhibits clotting?

Liver disease of deficiency of what prevent clotting?

Lacking one of the clotting factors is called?

How is blood type determined?

- what specific formed element is responsible for different blood types?

What are recognition markers on RBCs?

Groups of blood types (2)

What type is the universal DONOR?

What blood type is the universal RECEIVER?

Functions of the heart

Right half of the heart pumps blood to the lungs through what circulation?

Left half of the heart pumps blood to the body through what circulation?

Blood suplly to the heart itself through what circulation?

Vessels that carry blood to the heart?

Vessels that carry blood away formt he heart?

How are heart conractions regulated?

Pacemaker of heart

A cluster of specialized muscle cells that produce spontaneous electrical signals to the heart at a constant rate

SA node contracts the...

Node that delays stimulating the ventricles

Why do heart contractions pause for 0.1 seconds?

Branches of impulse conducting fibers

Improper coordination of contractions results in

Normal heart rate is

What indicates the electrical changes in the heart leading up to each contraction?

EKGs can pick up electrical impulses but not tell if

The measure of force exerted by the blood on the vessel walls by the heart

Lowest pressure in the ventricles (relaxed)

rising pressure immediately following ventricle contraction

How is blood pressure expressed?

What is a normal blood pressure?

Chronic elevation of blood pressure is

decreased blood pressure from dehydration or hemorrhage is

Thick, muscular and elastic tissue in vessels called

Thin, less musclar expandable vessels are called

pathway of blood starting at heart

Sight of blood flow regulation by the brain

Rings of smooth muscle that regulate blood flow from arterioles into capillaries

Why are capillaries and venules thin?

Fluid leaked from vessels into spaces surounding capillaries

What helps move blood through venules and veins after blood pressure decrease? (3)

Result of blood vessel blockage to the brain

Result of blood vessel blockage in the heart

Ballooning of artery due to weak wall

A system of vessels that carry lymph fluid

FLuid lost from blood that moves into lymphatic capillaries

Where does lymph fluid return to the circ system?

What nutrient do lymph vessels transport?

Enlarged clusters of small oval spongy structures in lymph vessels

Lymph nodes located in the pharynx region

Tonsils found in the posterior oral cavity

Tonsils found posterior to nasal cavity

Tonsils at the base of the tongue

What WBC resides in lymph nodes?

A structure present in the upper chest region that has a role in the proper maturation ofT-lymphocytes

What vessels in small intesine absorb fats?

Functions of the spleen (2)

Function of non-specific immunity

Mechanical barriers

An enzyme in tears and saliva that can break down bacterial cell walls

"friendly" bacteria that ward off harmful ones

blood vessels dilate during inflammation to...

Lymph vessels during inflammation may also...

Microorganisms are temp sensitive so what non-specific response fights the off?

What specialized cells go on the offense?

Type of lymphocyte that destroys abnormal cells by drilling holes

Proteins secreted by NK cells that drill holes into cells and release toxins

Cells infected by viruses produce a protein to warn surrounding cells called

Immunity that targets specific cells

Recognition markers for the immune system to detect foreign invaders

What do macrophages do with antigens when they engulf foreign invader?

The anitgen is displayed by what protein that the T cell can recognize and interact with?

What function do T cells serve?

Hormone-like proteins made by T cells and antigens combining

Immune response that involves t-lymphocytes

Immune response that involves b-lymphocytes

cells in cell-mediated response that machine guns foreign invader

Cells in cell-mediated that calm down response

Cells in cell-mediated that carry a copy of the antigen for the rest of life

Another name for the antibody-mediated immune response

Where do B cells mature?

What ahppens when B cells recognize and bind to T cells?

B cells that secrete copies of receptore protein are called

Protein receptors secreted by plasma cells (B cells)

What function do antibodies serve?

Abnormalities in the immune system often are the result of...

What diseases occur when the body's immune system fails to recognize it's own cells?

What are the result of an over-reaction of the immune system to a usually harmless antigen?

What are allergy-inducing antigens?

HIV that leads to AIDS attacks helper T cells that fight off what?