Biochem exam 2

30 cards·by hambrickwalt

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Epimers

2 sugars that differ only in configuration around one carbon

Ribose

standard 5 carbon sugar

glucose

standard six-carbon sugar

galactose

epimer of glucose

mannose

epimer of glucose

fructose

ketose form of glucose

chiral center of cyclical monosccharide

anomeric carbon (former carbonyl carbon)

pyranose

6 membered oxygen containing rings

furanoses

5 membered oxygen containing rings

which side is the anomeric carbon drawn on?

right

glycogen

branched homopolysaccaride of glucose

starch

mixture of 2 homopolysaccarides of glucose (amylose and amylopectin)

cellulose

branched homopolysaccaride of glucose (tough, water soluble due to H-bonds between adjacent monomers and between chains)

Agar

mixture of heteropolysaccharides containing modified galactose units

Acetyl-CoA production

first step (pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA)

Acetyl-CoA oxidation

Acetyl-CoA to NADH, FADH, and GTP

Oxidative phosphorylation

Reduces O2 to H2O, generates lots of ATP

Conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate. Catalyzed by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (requires 5 coenzymes)

CAC step 1

C-C bond formation to make citrate

CAC step 2

isomeration by dehyrdation/rehydration to isocitrate

Products from one turn of CAC

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP, 2 CO2

Net oxidation of 2 carbons to CO2

equivalent 2 carbons from acetyl-coA, but not exact same carbons

regulation of CAC

High concentration Acetyl-CoA, NADH, fatty acids. Any product from any step in high concentration is a inhibitor.

Cellular respiration energy flow

Electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 funneled into chain of mito electron carriers.

Each complex contains:

redox centers consisting of FMN or FAD, cytochromes a, b, or c, and iron-sulfur cluster protein

Ubiquinone

lipid soluble dicarbonyl compound accepts 2 electrons, picks up 2 protons to give to alcohol ubiquinol

ubiquinol

can freely diffuse in membrane, carrying 2 electrons with 2 protons from one side of membrane to other

coenzyme q

mobile electron carrier transporting electrons from complexes 1 and 2 to 3.

Complex 1 of ETC

2 electrons transferred, 4 protons cross membrane

complex 2 (succinate dehyrdogenase)

FAD accepts 2 electrons from succinate (electrons passed via iron-sulfur centers to ubiquinone, which is reduced to QH2. No proton transport