Surface Anatomy and Cross-Sectional Anatomy

diaphysis, epiphysis, medullary cavity, endosteum, spongy bone, periosteum, and articularcartilage (hyaline cartilage)

the long shaft of the bone

extreme end at each end of the bone

a hollowed interior of the shaft where yellow bone marrow produces fat cells, or red bone marrow produces blood cells

lines the marrow canal

softer bone in the interior where blood vessels can easily distribute their nutrients to the bone cells

outer, tougher bone giving bone its strength; this is also the attachment site for muscles

tissue covering the epiphysis in a thin layer of cartilage; this acts as a shock absorber for an articulation (joint)

axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

the skull, spinal column, ribs, sternum, and hyoid bone; there are 80 bones in this part of the skeleton

includes the upper extremity (shoulder, arms, wrists, and hands) and the lower extremity (hip, leg, ankles and feet)

protect the eyes, ears, nose and mouth - parts of our special senses

curved and thin (flat bones)

has 8 cranial bones: 1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 ethmoid, and 1 sphenoid

the forehead

roof and side of the head

ear area

the base of the skull; contains the foramen magnum (translation large hole) where the spinal cord exits from the brainstem

between the eyes and part of the nasal septum

deep, inner bone that houses the pituitary gland (major hormonal gland) and the optic chiasm (area where the two optic nerves cross)

5 nasal, 2 maxilla, 2 lacrimal, 2 zygomatic, 2 palatine, and 1 mandable

5: 2 for the bridge of the nose, 1 (vomer) for the nasal septum, and 2 (inferior concha) for the sidewalls of the nasal cavity

2: upper jaw

2: inner eyes where the tear ducts are located

2: cheekbones

2: upper, hard palate of the mouth

lower jaw

supports the head, protects the spinal cord, and attaches to the ribs

cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae; sacrum and coccyx

the top 7 vertebrae in the neck; the top vertebrae is the atlas; it sits atop and rotates around the second cervical vertebrae

12 vertebrae in the chest which articulate with the ribs

normally 5 vertebrae in the lower back; occasionally there is a 6th lumbar vertebrae for some people

a triangle shaped bone at the inferior end of the spine; 5 segments fused together by skeletal maturity to form this bone

called the tailbone in layman terms; has four fused bones by skeletal maturity

leave the spine through openings in the vertebrae called articular foramen (translated "holes") formed by the articulation (joint)

openings in the vertebrae; translated "holes"; formed by the articulation (joint) between upper and lower vertebrae

concave to the posterior plane

convex to the posterior plane

the body, central foramen, transverse processes, spinous process, and the articular foramen

large, solid part

space for the spinal cord

bony prominence that sticks out the posterior side of the body (the bony pieces you feel down the back of a person's spine)

the space created by the articulation between upper and lower vertebrae

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

top, attaches to the clavicles or collar bones by way of ligaments

middle portion

lower sharp projection by the diaphragm

top seven pairs of ribs

the bottom five pairs of ribs; attach to the sternum by way of cartilage with the seventh rib

the last two pairs of ribs; only connect to the vertebrae in the back of the body and do not connect at all to the sternum in front

a small bone under the chin which is attached to many small muscles

this part of the skeleton includes the upper extremities (the arms) and the lower extremities (the legs)

composed of two clavicles and two scapulae

anteriorly help to anchor the upper body so that the shoulder joint has efficient and safe motion

posteriorly help to anchor the upper body so that the shoulder joint has efficient and safe motion

made up of the humerus, radius, and ulna

long bone on the upper arm; articulates with the scapula to form the shoulder joint

the right forearm bone (thumb side); rotates over the ulna to allow the movements of supination and pronation (palm up versus palm down)

the largest bone of the forearm; more limited movement than the radius; is on the little finger side

has 27 bones, great dexterity, a wrist consisting of 8 carpal bones arranged in two rows, a palmar surface with 5 metacarpal bones

8 bones located in the wrist of the hand and arranged in two rows

the bones of the five fingers; 14 total (the thumb has two; the other fingers have three each)

consists of the shoulder girdle, the arms, and the hands

consists of the pelvic girdle, the upper legs, the lower legs, the ankles, and the feet

(innominate bones, coxal bones) found on either side of the midline of the body; three bones fused together: ilium, ischium, and pubis

the large broad bone forming the upper part of each half of the pelvis

the curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis

either of a pair of bones forming the two sides of the pelvis

located anteriorly; pubis bones articulating in the front of the body

located posteriorly; sacrum articulating with both ilium bones

has the longest and strongest bone - the femur - and a ball and socket hip joint where the femur attaches into the pelvic girdle

the longest and strongest bone

a fused bone of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

has two bones: the tibea and fibula (peroneal bone); the tibia is the larger lower leg bone; the fibula is a supporting bone; the patella

peroneal bone; the larger lower leg bone

peroneal bone; a supporting bone

(kneecap) found in front of the knee joint; embedded in the quadriceps muscles' tendon; it is a sesamoid bone

four; gelatinous sacs used to reduce friction between highly movable tendons and the bones they attach to, surround the knee joint

has seven tarsal bones and a large ankle bone or heel bone called the calcaneous; articulates with the tibia and fibula of the lower leg