Chapter 1, 2, & 3: Criminal Justice

The system of law enforcement used for all stages of criminal proceedings and punishment.

An authority conferred by law to act out in certain conditions/situations in accordance with an official's or their agency's judgement.

President Johnson wanted to study the crime problem and the structure of the criminal justice administration and make suggestions for action

Police, courts, corrections, etc. This turned into the report The Challenge of Crime in Free Society.

Strengthen law enforcement,develop better techniques,eliminate injustices,get better people,get better research,money,everyone makes change

Significant portion of funds targeted for social program and research.court reform and correctional programs.

Attempted to overturn Supreme Court decisions, it limited the rights of defendants.

Empowered state/local law enforcement agencies to tap phones, eavesdrop even without court order.

All about right,stresses possibility of error in stages leading up to trial,emphasizes need to protect procedural rights, and Warren Court

The control of those who engage in criminal conduct,emphasizes efficiency,criminal conduct, and Burger Court.

Argues that organizations make up the criminal justice system work cooperatively to produce justice.

Posits that the branches of justice work competitively, as parts of an integrated whole.

1st known legal document

Behavior as deviant or criminal comes from individuals/social groups and involves a complex social and political process extending over time

Precise definition of crime must come from the law itself.

A person who takes action in an attempt to influence/change the development or enforcement of society's moral codes.

A law enacted by a legislature

Results from court interpretations of statutory law or court decisions

Branch of jurisprudence dealing with offenses committed against the safety/order of the state.

Body of principles determining private rights and liabilities.

Guilty mind;blameworthy mind;required for act or omission to be a crime

Collaboration in criminal purpose, and must involve 2 or more people

Person who encourages,promotes,investigates or stands by to assist the perpetrator

Person who abets a crime but is not present when the crime is committed

Person who knows felony has been committed,receives,relieves,comforts or assist the perpetrator to hinder apprehension

Unlawful constraints that force an individual to consent to committing an act he/she otherwise would not have done

Inducing an individual to commit a crime that he/she did not previously contemplate,for the purpose of instituting crim.pro.against the pres

Negates criminal intent

Lack of knowledge of the law that applies to act under constitution,ignorance of the law may be a defense

Unsoundness of mind,madness,mental alienation,that prevents individual from comprehending nature/consequences of act seeing from right/wrong

Medical necessity as defense in cases of marijuana possession,PMS and post-partum depression,PTSD and battered-woman syndrome

Focuses on anatomical,physiological, or genetic abnormalities within the individuals to separate law-breakers into persons from the law-abid

The use of body types and physical characteristics to classify human personalities;body type was an indicator of personality and criminal po

Soft round body with tapering limbs/relaxed creatures of comfort

Thin,linear body with delicate bones,a small face,a sharp nose,and fine thin hair/inhibited,secretive,restrained

Ruggedly muscular individual with a large trunk,heavy chest, and strong limbs/assertive,aggressive and action-oriented;inclined criminal

Crime rates are linked to neighborhood ecological characteristics

The concentric zone model,also known as the Burgess model,is one of the earliest theoretical models to explain social structures

Crime as a result of strain that comes from lack of legitimate opportunities for prosperity

One must consider if an individual rejects or accepts society's cultural goals,as well as how they attain these goals

Accepts the culturally defined goal,follow rules and believe doing so will pay off financially(working,saving money,advancing edu.)

Accepts the culturally defined goal,but don't follow society's rules(turn to crime)

Do not believe they can attain the culturally defined goal,but continue because of society's cultural pathways

Reject the goal of financial wealth(escape or retreat from society with substance use)

Create new institutional means of pursuing their unique goals

Excessive definitions favorable to violating the law over definitions favorable to complying with the law

Seeks not to explain why people break the law

Considers recidivism to be a consequence,in part,of the negative labels applied to people who commit crimes

Serious crime punishable by death or imprisonment in federal/state penitentiary

Minor offense punishable by fine(no more than $1,000),up to 1 year in local jail

Homicide that is not excusable or justifiable(murder and manslaughter)

The felonious killing of another human being with malice aforethought

Includes malice aforethought, deliberation and premeditation

The intent to cause death or serious harm or commit a felony

Conscious knowledge of purpose of killing

Design or plan;conscious decision to commit the crime

If a death occurs during the commission of a felony,or attempt to commit,the person committing the primary offense can also be charged w.1st

Killing under circumstances not severe enough to constitute murder,but not justifiable or excusable homicide

Intentional attempt/threat to physically injure another person

Involves aspects of both theft and assault-"crime against the person"

Malicious burning of the dwelling of another

Breaking and entering a dwelling at night with intent to commit a felony

Shoplifting,pickpocketing,fraud,embezzlement,etc.

Sexual contact without consent of the victim or that is offensive to the victim

Pure food and drug act(1906)-to limit uncontrolled manufacture of over the counter drugs containing morphine,opium,etc.

A very large category,mostly misdemeanor offenses(loitering,harassment,etc.)

Physical aggression between members of a family,current/former spouses or lovers,others in close

Offense motivated by hatred against a victim because of his/her race,ethnicity,religion,sexual orientation,handicap,etc

Defined as premeditated,politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or secretive agents

1st national victim survey began in 1865

Another way to determine nature and extent of "dark figure" of crime

To describe the amount of unreported or undiscovered crime