AP Biology Review Ch. 1-9

29 cards·by usethistostudytoo

The compunds in biological membranes that form a barrier to the movement of hydrophilic materials across the membrane are?

Lipids

For each molecule of ATP consumed during active transport of sodium and potassiu,, there is an import of __ ion(s) and an export of _ ion(s)

two K+; three Na+

The rate at which a substance diffuses is not affected by the?

color of the substance

What process does not involve the uptake of materials into the cell?

Exocytosis

To respond to a signal, a cell must have a(n) ___ molecule that can detect the signal

Receptor

The next compoent of a signal transduction pathway, after the signal itself is a(n)

Receptor

The signals that bind to receptors on nearby cells are known as

paracrine signals

A molecule that binds to the particular three-dimensional structure of another molecule's receptor site is known as a(n)

Ligand

In general, all cell signaling causes

Increased expression of genes

After the GTP-bound subunit of the G protein separates from the rest of the G protein, it travels until it encounters?

An effector protein

If a G protein were unable to release its bound nucleotide but could hydrolyze it, signal transduction would?

Cease

Which molecule acts as a second messenger in the cascade by which epinephrin stimulates the activation of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase?

Cyclic AMP

How does a protein kinase cascade amplify an intercellular signal?

One activated receptor kinase molecule can trigger the activation of thousands of proteins.

The molecular structure of caffein mimics the molecular structure of?

Adenosine

The mitochondrial ATP synthase?

Makes ATP at the expense of the proton gradient established by electron transport

The end products of glycolysis are?

pyruvate, ATP, and NADH

Fermentation...

Results in the formation of lactic acid or ethanol

The ultimate source of energy for ATP synthesis in chloroplasts is?

Light

True or False? Almost all metabolic pathways are endergonic?

False

True or False? NAD is a key electron carrier in redox reactions

True

True or False? Oxidative phosphorylation's functions can be served equally well by fermentation

False

True or False? Almost all metabolic pathways are endergonic?

False

True or False? NAD is a key electron carrier in redox reactions

True

True or False? The functions of oidative phosphorylation can be served equally well by fermentation

False

After inhalation, the oxygen missing from the air will mostly be found in?

Water

In all cells, glucose metabolism begins with?

Glycolysis

The chemiosmotic generation of ATP is driven by?

The proton motive force

The four large protein complexes in the electron transport chain...?

Transport electrons

The hydrogen ion gradien is maintained by?

Electron transport and proton pumping.