Microbiology I

Microorganisms lack differentiated _ and are mostly _ in size

In marine sediments, microbes are usually arranged in _ and use a _ of long communication cables

In 1665, the first person to use the term "cell"

In the 1670s, the "father" of microbiology: first peer review submission, and used the term "animalcules"

Cellular microbes include _, _, _, _, and _

Acellular microbes include _, _/_, and _

In the 1970s, Carl Woese proved that the clade "_" was _

Bacteria have no membrane-bound _, lack internal _, can use _ for movement, have _ in their cell walls, can form _, and divide by _

Archaea have no membrane-bound _, lack internal _, divide by _, are distinguished from bacteria by their _ sequence, and can live in _ envir

Lynn Margulis in 1967 first proposed the _ hypothesis about how eukaryotes gained some of their organelles

Margulis' endosymbiosis theory was based on the fact that _ genes of the cell and the genes of mitochondria and chloroplasts were _

Redi's raw meat experiment and Pasteur's swan-necked flask disproved the idea of _

John Tyndall invented _ sterilization in 1877

Koch's first postulate: the organism must be regularly associated with the _

Koch's second postulate: the organism must be _ and _

Koch's third postulate: the disease must be _ when a pure culture is introduced to a healthy host

Koch's fourth postulate: the disease must be re-isolated from the _ and identified as the causative _

Koch's postulates are inapplicable in the case of _ carriers and microbes that can't _ in culture. Nowadays, _ would be used to identify.

In microscopy, f=_, p=_

Bright field microscopy has a _ image against a _ backgrounds

Compound microscopes have both an _ lens and an _ lens

With a _ microscope, the specimen stays in focus between different settings, and the working distance affects _

The _ lens is the most important part of a microscope

The ability to distinguish or separate two objects a certain distance apart

d=(0.5(lambda))/(n*sin(theta))

In the Abbe equation, d=_, lambda=_, and the denominator is called the _

As minimal distance decreases, resolution _

_ has a better refractive index than water, and thus increases the _

Dark field microscopy has a _ image against a _ background. This gives better _, and is good for looking at _ structures.

Phase contrast light microscopes are used to study _, _, and internal _ in living unstained cells

In differential interference contrast, out-of-_ light waves produce _ from the specimen, forming an image

Fluorescence microscopy uses _ light emitted by the specimen. Excitation light is absorbed and re-emitted at a _ wavelength

Green fluorescent proteins are fused to a protein of interest to explore protein _ within cells. GFPs absorb _ & _ light and emit _ light.

_ microscopy looks at live & dead stains

A _ scanning laser microscope only allows light in focus through the _, and can use _ imaging to produce a 3D image

_ staining allows distinguishing of cell structures by different _ properties

Gram staining process: 1_, 2_, 3_, 4_

Acid-fast staining process: 1_, 2_, 3_, 4_

Endospore staining process: _ & _, _, _

A flagella stain uses _

Electron microscopy requires a thin slice of specimen _-_ nm thick and uses _ instead of staining dye

Electron microscopy is useful for studying internal _ and _

The group prokarya is a _ taxonomic group

Rod-shaped microbial cells are called _, and if they remain in a pair they are called _

Spherical microbial cells are called _, and if they remain in a pair they are called _

Comma-shaped microbes are called _

_ have rigid, spiral-shaped cells

_ are flexible spiral bacteria up to _ micrometers long

E. coli are average-sized bacteria, about _-_ micrometers wide x _-_ micrometers long

In a transmission electron microscope, a heated _ generates the electron beam and the specimen _ the electrons

In a transmission electron microscope, greater _ indicates greater electron density. A 2D B image is created with a _ screen.

Samples are prepared for a transmission EM by _, in which the sample is broken apart on its weakest lines and the _ bilayer is separated

A _ electron microscope creates an image from electrons released from atoms on the specimensurface

A scanning electron microscope creates an image from electrons released from atoms on the specimen's _

For scanning electron microscopes, d= ~_-_ nm

_ microscopy can find the surface features of a specimen by moving a sharp probe with a 1-atom tip across the surface

Neisseria gonorrhea is _, which means it is of multiple shapes

_ are filamentous and make hyphae which form the mycellium

Some archaea have unusual square and triangle shapes, and are called _ since they live in salty environments

Eukaryotic cells range from _-_ micrometers, and bacteria and archaea range from _-_ micrometers

To compensate for lower surface to volume ratios, microbes can either decrease _, strech out, or become _ to increase nutrient supply

The cell _ consists of the plasma membrane and all surrounding layers external to it

Bacteria and archaea keep their genetic material condensed in a _

The plasma membrane is selectively _, and follows the _ model

Bacteria have a _ linkage in their phospholipids; archaea have a _ linkage

The degree of _ of a fatty acid determines its fluidity

Gram positive cells are _ sensitive to penicillin due to their dependence on _ in their cell walls

Gram positive cells stain with a _ color, while gram negative cells stain _

In gram positive cells, teichoic acids are _, while in gram negative cells they are _

In gram positive cells, the outer membrane is _, while in gram negative cells it is _

In gram positive cells, the lipopolysaccharide layer is _, which makes them _ susceptible to lysosomes

Phospholipids consist of a _ head, a _, a _ linkage, and _ tails

_ proteins extend to either side of the phospholipid bilayer

_ proteins are peripheral, only on the outside of the cell, and are usually attached to the integral proteins

_ are made of steroids and found inside and between the membranes

Archaeal plasma membranes consist of _ fatty acid tails

Some archaea have _ instead of bilayers, which allow for more _ in extreme temperatures

Archaeal membranes have _ subunits, and bacterial membranes have _ subunits

Capsules, also called _ layers, are on the outermost layer of the cell envelope, are made of _, and protect against _ and invasion by _

Capsule slime layers protect against _, and _ toxic materials, called _

The _ slime layer is key in biofilm formation, as in the case of dental _

The S-layer is made of protein or _, allows _, and protects against _ stress and _ changes

Archaeal S-layers are _ into the lowest _ state, and can be in patterns of _, _, or _

Peptidoglycan consists of _ & _ subunits, attached to a _ chain

Peptidoglycan contains some _ amino acids, which never occur in proteins, which prevents degradation by _

Tetrapeptide crosslinking involves peptide _ at 90 degree angles forming a _

Penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits _ synthesis, by preventing _ from forming the _-> _ linkage

Peptidoglycan makes up _-_% of gram positive cell walls

_ and _ acids act as receptors for bacteriophages and can initiate disease

The _ space is the gap between the plasma membrane and the cell wall

The periplasmic space is the gap between the _ and the cell _

_ make the outside of the cell slimy

Lipopolysaccharides consist of a _ chain, a _ chain, and a _

Lipopolysaccharides provide a _ barrier to toxic compounds

Gram negative bacteria have _ permeable outer membranes than gram positive bacteria

Cells work to maintain a slightly _ concentration of dissolved ions than the outside medium