psychology unit 2 sac 2

experiments

44 cards·by loz21

power

power refers to an individual's (or group's) ability to control or influence the thoughts, feelings or behaviour of another person (or group

legitimate power

An individuals status or position in a group institution or society in general gives them the right to exercise power over those with a lowe

coercive power

Ability to give negative consequences or remove positive consequences in response to specific behaviour

status

Status refers to the importance of an individual’s position in the group, as perceives by members of the group

role

the behaviour adopted by an individual or assigned to them that influences the way I which they function or act in different situations and

deindividuation

Deindividuation is the loss of individuality, or the sense of anonymity, that can occur in a group situation

zimbardo aim

To investigate the effects of status and power within a group

experimental condition 1 zimbardo

• 9 ‘mock guards’ (plus 3 ‘on call’) • Assigned roles that carry considerable power and status • Work standard 8 hour shifts in the prison

experimental condition 2 zimbardo

• 9 ‘mock prisoners’ (plus 3 ‘on call’) • Assigned roles that carry minimal power and little or no status • Live at the prison 24/7

ethical issues zimbardo (1 & 2)

• Serious psychological and/or physical harm to participants • Not ending the study as soon as this was evident

ethical issues zimbardo (3 & 4)

• Not supporting participant withdrawal rights • Professional misconduct by the researcher

obedience

Obedience occurs when we follow the commands of someone with authority, or the rules or laws of our society

milgram aim

To investigate whether individuals will obey an authority figure who is instructing them to inflict pain on another person

milgram hypothesis

Most ‘teachers’ will administer electric shocks at or above 300 volts to ‘learners’ when instructed by an authority figure to do so

milgram experimental conditions pt 1 & 2

• All Ps are assigned the ‘teacher role’ • ‘Teacher’ must deliver a shock of increasing intensity each time a ‘learner’ made a mistake

milgram experimental conditions pt 3

• Confederate ‘learners’ audibly responds to each shock

milgram experimental condition 1

Teacher’ was in the room with the experimenter dressed in a white lab coat giving demands

milgram experimental condition 2

Teacher’ was being told the demands over the phone by the experimenter in another room

milgram experimental condition 3

‘Teacher witnessed someone else disobey the commands of the experimenter in the white lab coat

milgram results

• No participants stopped administering shocks before 300 volts • 26 participants continued to administer shocks before the 450 volts level

milgram ethical issues 1

• Potential for serious psychological and/or physical harm to participants, not ending the study as soon as this was evident

milgram ethical issue 2

• Not supporting participant withdrawal rights

social proximity

the closeness between two or more people. This may include the physical distance between the people as well as the closeness of their relati

legitimacy of authority figure

An individual is also more likely to be obedient when the authority figure is perceives as being legitimate and having power

group pressure

An individual is also more likely to be obedient where there is little or no group support for resisting the authority figure

conformity (1)

tendency to adjust one’s thoughts, feelings or behaviour in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular individual or group

conformity (2)

Or with accepted standards about how a person should behave in certain situations (social norms)

asch aim

: To investigate group pressure on individuals to conform to opinions

asch hypothesis

Participants will agree with the group’s incorrect responses about the length of stimulus lines when the group unanimously selects a wrong a

asch experimental conditions iv & dv

IV: Fictuous answers by group of confederates DV: Correct/Incorrect answer

asch results (1)

• About 75% of Ps agreed with group/confederates’ incorrect responses in at least one trial

asch results (2)

• About 33% of Ps agreed with the group/confederates’ incorrect responses in half or more of the trials

asch results (3)

• 24% of participants did not agree with any incorrect responses/did not conform at all

asch limitations (1)

• Lack of sample information makes it difficult to determine external validity

asch limitations (2)

• Limited sample, implication of demand characteristics influencing responses by Ps and trivial nature of the task suggest limited external

asch limitations (3)

• Unusual social context (ie. Raises questions about ecological validity)

group size

Number of members within a group

asch group size

Group pressure increased up to a number of four people. Beyond four people group size has little influence on conformity

unanimity

Unanimity, or complete agreement among the other group members as to what the answer is

asch unanimity

There was unanimity, or complete agreement among the group as to which line was the same as the stimulus line

informational influence

Informational influence occurs when conformity results from a need for direction and information on how to respond in a specific situation

asch information influence

The participant may have conformed because they felt that the other group members had the right information

normative influence

Normative influence to conform occurs when our response in a group situation is guided by one or more social norms

asch normative influence

The participant may have conformed because they were guided by the social norms of the group and did not want to say a different answer from