Cell Bio I

Long carbohydrate molecules of repeated monomer units joined together by glycosidic bonds.

Polysaccharides consist of repeated monomer units joined together by _ bonds.

Large biological molecules essential for all known forms of life, including DNA and RNA.

A simple monomer found in plants; one of the main products of cellular respiration.

The four principle types of noncovalent bonds are _ bonds, _ interactions, _ force, and _ bonds.

A protein will bind to another protein or small molecule if they both have the right _.

The tightness with which proteins bind to one another is determined by the number of _ they share.

The "molecular unit of currency" that transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.

A coenzyme responsible for donating and accepting electrons to produce molecules that come from the breakdown of glucose, resulting in ATP.

Energy with the potential to do work

Force acting over distance

The coupling of free energy and work in a cell is important because the cell is constantly trying to maintain _

Cells couple free energy to work by creating concentration _ across their _

Prokaryotic DNA is found in the _.

Because they contain both polar and nonpolar components, phospholipids are _ molecules.

A _ is a type of experiment to test what traits a gene is responsible for, where DNA from anther organism compliments a protein's function.

Cells have _ entropy.

The first step to test protein interchangeability: "break" a cell and look for a difference in _.

The second step to test protein interchangeability: "fix" the phenotype to the way the cell was working before, by using environmental _.

The third step to test protein interchangeability: "_" in genetic info from another organism to see if it can restore the lost phenotype.

Proteins are made of folded chains of _.

The shape of a protein is specified by its _ sequence.

A conserved part of a protein sequence that can evolve, function, and exist independently ofthe rest of the protein chain.

A covalent bond, usually derived by the coupling of two thiol groups.

Disulfide bonds are unstable in the cytosol, and are usually found in proteins secreted into the _ medium.

A signal that regulates construction of the body plan.

Are phospholipids a type of macromolecule?

The location of _ groups on a polysaccharide determines its function.

The _ of the hydroxyl groups on the exterior of a cell keep it moist and provide _ support.

The citric acid cycle produces _ bases and _ acids

Basic amino acid with a long CH2 chain and an NH3+ group at the end

An acidic amino acid with a CH2COO- group

A polar amino acid with a CH2OH group

A nonpolar amino acid with a CH3 group

Lysine is a _ amino acid

Aspartic acid is an _ amino acid

Serine is a _ amino acid

Alanine is a _ amino acid

Acids and bases undergo _ bonding

Nonpolar molecules undergo _ interactions

Polar molecules undergo _ bonding

A signal triggering molecule, binding to a site on a target protein

One of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex, consisting of ten subunits.

Molecule that is powered by the hydrolysis of ATP, to convert chemical energy into work

Drives motor proteins

The regulation of an enzyme or other protein by binding an effector molecule at a site other than the protein's active site

A molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity

A molecule that binds to an enzyme and catalyzes a reaction

A specific molecule that usually binds to a receptor protein and signals a cellular response.

Leucine is a _ amino acid

Valine is a _ amino acid

Isoleucine is a _ amino acid

Phenylalanine is a _ amino acid

Tryptophan is a _ amino acid

Alanine has a _ group attached to it

Serine has a _ group attached to it

Aspartic acid has a _ group attached to it

Arginine is a _ amino acid

Lysine has a _ group attached to it

During transcription in prokaryotes, the _ first binds, then the _.

During transcription in prokaryotes, the _ binds to the sigma factor and synthesizes RNA _' to _'

In transcription in eukaryotes, _ (a subunit of _) binds to the TATA box, then recruits the _.

In transcription in eukaryotes, _ cut out introns.

In transcription in eukaryotes, _ cuts off the polyA tail.

Nucleosomes have _ histones

A class of protein transcription factors that bind to specific sites on DNA to activate transcription

The _ tail occurs on the 3' end of the RNA.

The 5' end of the RNA has _ groups.

The 3' end of the RNA has the _.

The 5' end of the RNA has _ groups.

_ adds the phosphate groups to the 5' end of the RNA, which is called _.

The _ complex binds to the TATA box, and recruits _, which then recruits _

When strands of mRNA exit the nuclear pore, proteins check for the _ cap, the _ sites, and the _

Changes in the _ tail affect the expression of the genome