Getting there

34 cards·by legacy-5437160245166080@noemail.invalid

Ideational discourse

relates to information about objects, entities and states, speakers experiences/thoughts, relates to info. about the world things that exist

Interpersonal discourse

Reflects the writers social and personal position compared to others, judgements andattitudes, relates to people experience and thoughts.

Textual discourse

Aspects of discourse which ensure cohesion and coherence (understandable) of text

Cohesion

relations of meanings that exist in text and thereby define it as a text.(relating back andexplaining things differently he, it not the.

Factors in informal discourse

Self interruption, don't speak in sentences, grammar.

status planning meaning

change the way a language is used, social situations, homes, communities and schools.

Acquisition planning meaning

Children learning from their parents, in Schools, adult learners.

usage planning meaning

developing usage of the language in the community life, social and economical.

Status planning meaning

linked with the official status of the language and use of the language in context likeplayground and government

Corpus planning example

changes in spelling tigh-taigh, developing vocab, standardisation, preparing langauge materials.

link between corpus and status/usage planning

Schools are more involved so need standardisation to teach, vocab is growing need new vocab for new contexts, materials

language Change example

Spelling: oile-> eile , Phontics: muna -> mura , Morphology: tiaghaid -> tha iad a' dol , syntax: manach tug diultadh doesn't work now

Key factors in social linguistics

geographical, social class, education level, age, gender, ethnicity, social networks

social linguistics variation and differentiation

dialect, sociolet, idiolect, domain, register

idiolect

each individual’s unique way of speaking, pronounciation feature, word that you use quite a lot.

sociolect

variety linked to a particular social group

dialect

geographically based variety – can include grammatical and lexical features, not merely ‘accent’.

distinct forms of language used in different domains (including formality/politeness, jargon - Journalists swear at football not at work

supra-segmental features

sound overall, the pitch of the language. Like Glaswegian or lewis Gaelic has a certain sound.

lexis/discourse features

burn/uisge, covert (hairy canary), usage/slang particular to particular social groups e.g. fishermen, teachers or subgroups e.g. cool teens.

covert prestige

association with other kinds of people who may be seen as ‘real’, ‘ordinary’, ‘cool’, ‘street’ etc.

overtly prestigious varieties

are not always /desirable – Lewis dialect. English people learn gaelic.

Symbolic value

People don’t necessary use the language but value it very highly. They like the idea of having Gaidhlig.

prescriptivism

enforcing the ‘rules’ set out within the standard variety, connected to ideological factorsconcerning the importance of mastering it.

How did people come into contact with different languages?

Mixing of populations,trade, cultural activity, language revitalisation initiatives, excercise of sovereignty(education, government, power)

Loan words

naming new things, borrowed from prestigious languages, normally nouns, tioraidh gone in english stayed in gaelic, trade items (coffee)

Loan translation (calquing)

word for word translation of an entire phrase, extremely widely used in gaelic, youths big source of innovation in lang. assume understandin

Discourse markers

Used to pause. Can be a verbal tick. Have to analyse them in context. Uill, cho, ok, eil fhios agad

Code-switching

switch between languages, middle or start, • Can involve a morpheme, a single word, a phrase, an entire sentence/several sentences.

Purposes of code-switching

Billingualism, communicative choice, not always deliberate, informal, signal emphasis,conclusion of narration,distancing from statement.

Grammatical change recent examples

numbers, closer alignment of past tenses tha mi air a bhith a' fuireach, o increased use offorms with gu bhith/gus a bhith for 'to be'.

Common mistakes

plurals (iomadh ceistean), aig mise, chaidh mi-> bha mi a' dol, iarr air (not faighneachd de), not using tha e gam bhualadh

Language

A dialect that is autonomous (it doesn’t really on any other dialect for it’s status), other languages really on it.

Accent

The way that a person pronounces his or her speech (i.e. phonetics): an indistinct concept, American and Scottish are accents of English