Evolution

A mechanistic explanation for a fact

Cyclosporin, ergotamine, and corticepin are all produced by _

The process that creates new genetic variance in a population

Differing traits within & among populations

The correspondence between parents and their offspring

The contest between organisms for resources that are crucial for survival and reproduction

The process by which some sets of attributes in an organism are favored over others for reproductive success

The state of evolved adjustment of a population to its environment; or the evolutionary process of achieving that adjustment

The process of producing different descendant lineages from a single ancestral lineage

The genealogical relationships of a set of populations or species

Charles Darwin's grandfather; a British naturalist who wrote "The Temple of Nature" (1731-1802)

A French naturalist who asserted that all spp. are derived by gradual evolution, byinheritance of acquired traits (1744-1829)

British naturalist who published "On The Origin Of Species", came up with the theory ofevolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Co-discoverer of the theory of evolution by natural selection with Darwin (1823-1913)

A monk who discovered the basic principle of genetics by breeding peas, and found that gametes carry 1 factor for a given trait (1822-1884)

Came up with the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory; with others, established the field of population genetics (1900-1975)

Archbishop who outlined the idea of special creation based on a literal interpretation of the Bible

Museum in Kentucky that teaches Biblical creationism, human-dinosaur coexistence, and a 5000-year-old Earth

Discovery Institute; came up with the term "intelligent design" and the concept of "irreducible complexity"; infamous "wedge document"

The idea that spp. don't change over time and are separately created, and the Earth and life are young

The idea that spp. change over time, derive from common ancestors, and the Earth & life are very ancient

Small-scale change in populations that is documented in hundreds of spp., i.e. soapberry bugs' beaks

Organs that are functionless versions of a body part that has a function in another species, i.e. remnant hindlimbs in boas

The physical trace of an organism that died in the past

The total worldwide collection of fossils

The explanation for why the vast majority of fossils found are unlike the species alive today

Major change in the body plans of related organisms

The law explaining why fossils and living organisms in the same geographical area tend to be more closely related to each other

For example, the tendency of marsupials in Australia to develop similar morphology to placental mammals that occupy similar niches elsewhere

The predicted organisms that should be found in the fossil record, that are intermediatesbetween major groups of organisms

Recently discoveries of dinosaurs that had _ provide further evidence of the evolutionary transition to birds

Do transitional forms necessarily imply direct ancestry?

Whales posses a vestigial _ and hind limbs

Inland _ fossil deposits imply that the Earth changes over time

Darwin's tree of life diagram provided a helpful model to describe _

Organs or traits that are similar due to common ancestry but may perform different functions are said to be _

Haekel's largely innacurate Biogenic Law

The term for similarly-derived genetic codes shared by all organisms

Portions of non-functioning DNA that lack a promoter, and accumulate many mutations

The assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now, have always operated in the universe

Like dendrochronology, the placing of rock strata in chronological order

"Sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top"

Because causal explanations between evolution and geology are consistent, it means they are _

Act as natural "clocks", decay at predictable rates from parent to daughter species

The Earth, and the oldest meteors and moon rocks, are estimated to be about _ billion years old

Life on Earth is estimated to be about _ billion years old

The earliest lifeforms on Earth were simple _ that lacked a true cellular nucleus

The axiom that testable hypotheses are those that involve strictly natural causes; assumes for sake of inquiry that nothing else exists

The assertion that only the natural world exists; belief that nothing else exists

Longest unit of geological timescale

Unit of geological timescale; shorter than eon but longer than period

Unit of geological timescale; shorter than era but longer than epoch

Shortest unit of geological timescale

The key mechanism of evolution

Evolutionary theory assumes there is _ variation among individuals

Evolutionary theory assumes non-random survival or _ is correlated with phenotypic variation

Evolutionary theory assumes that phenotypic variations are _

_ selection, a major piece of evidence for evolution, has been observed for thousands of years

Kohlrabi, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, cabbage, and broccoli are all derived from the _

Darwins finches vary in body size and _

A draught in 1977 in the Galapagos resulted in few, large hard seeds, resulting in a decline in finch populations and in average increase of

A few genetic loci in Galapagos finches had _ effects on beak size, and many loci had _ effects

An early problem with Darwin's theory: what is the source of _?

An early problem with Darwin's theory: _ inheritance would prevent evolution beyond the current phenotypic range

Inheritance is not blended, it is _

An individual's relative contribution of genes to the next generation

Two main components of fitness

The number of offspring an individual produces

An individual's relative ability to acquire mates

Selection is non-_, it has no ultimate "goal"

Selection always adapts to the _ and its effects are felt _ generations later

The opposing effects of sexual selection vs. survivability results in evolutionary _

The panda's "thumb" is really a modified _ bone

What percentage of adults in the US believe in the Biblical creation story and a young Earth?

What percentage of adults in the US believe evolution occurs but is guided by God?

What percentage of adults in the US believe that evolution occurs without any sort of divine intervention?

Type of mutation that is the result of base pair substitutions in DNA sequences

Type of mutation caused by chance errors during DNA synthesis or during repair of damaged DNA

The significance of a point mutation is that it _

Type of mutation that is the result of flipping of a chromosome segment, reversing the order of genes

Type of mutation caused by breaks in DNA, caused by radiation or other insults

Alleles inside an inversion are likely to be _, as a _

Type of mutation that is the result of duplication of a short stretch of DNA

Type of mutation that is caused by unequal crossing-over during meiosis or retrotransposition

Gene duplication may create new _

Purines

Pyrimidines

When a mutation changes a purine to a pyrimidine or vice versa

When a mutation changes a purine or pyrimidine to another purine or pyrimidine, respectively

A coding region of DNA

The most drastic changes to an amino acid by mutation _

A mutation that accidentally creates a "stop" codom

Insertions and deletions (shorthand)

Small indels are very _

Gene duplications are very _ in evolution

The most common cause of gene duplications

The rate of duplication in genomes is very high, up to 1 per _ years

Loci in different species that share a common origin

Loci that result from a gene duplication within a species

A particular region of DNA, usually functional

A particular sequence variation of a locus

Inversions can create "_" owing to cross-over suppression

Inversions suppress _

The result of a whole genome duplication via non-disjunction (2n->4n)

Polyploidy usually results in a dead end with outcrossers because triploids are usually

In plants, _ allows a new population of polyploid individuals to exist and reproduce

Mutation rates were traditionally detected using _

The drawback of a pedigree to estimate mutation rate is that it is _, and deals with _ genes

Mutation rate can be estimated using _, giving independent dating of splits

The drawback to using phylogenies to estimate mutation rates is that they can reflect _

Modern method of mutation rate estimation involves direct sequencing of _

Involves comparing random short reads to a reference genome, and looking for changes

Most mutations are _

The molecular or morphological characters employed in phylogeny inference have to beresistant to _

Homologous traits that are shared among species because they were derived from a common ancestor

_ approaches to phylo. inference are implemented by finding the tree with the smallest # of character state changes

_ probability is an alternative method of phylogeny inference

_ criterion is an alternative method of phylogeny inference

The graphical representation of a phylogeny inferred from data

Represents the phylogenetic relationships of all life on Earth from a common ancestor

The branch points in a phylogenetic tree represent hypothetical _

Phylogenies are based on analysis of _, such as morphology or DNA

Phylogenetic inference assumes that the most closely related organisms should have the most_ in common

Phylogenetic inference assumes characters must be independent and _

Unique derived characters

Shared primitive characters, i.e. shared characters between two species that may or may not be shared by other species too

The term for whether a character is ancestral or derived

A close relative that is outside of the ingroup

When a character state of the ingroup is compared to the state of an outgroup

A phylogenetic tree inferred by nested synapomorphies

An error in homology

Reversion to ancestral traits; erases phylogenetic "signal"

A general logical criterion, whereby simpler explanations are preferred over more complex explanations (fewest ad-hoc assumptions)

The most parsimonious phylogenetic tree is one that minimizes the total number of _ that has occured

A parsimonious phylogenetic tree minimizes change, and thereby minimizes _

If the camera eye is derived from a common ancestor of vertebrates and cephalopods, it assumes_ losses/steps

If the camera eye was independently evolved in cephalopods and vertebrates, it only required _ gains/steps

DNA can have high levels of homoplasy because it is limited to only _ characters

Parsimony assumes all changes are _

_-based methods apply statistics and probabilities to phylogenetics

DNA models of evolution look at genetic _ (similarity vs. dissimilarity)

DNA models of evolution look at equal vs. unique costs to _ changes

Involves sampling with replacement, creating a large number of datasheets, and finding in what % of analyses a phylo. group is resolved

Bootstrapping requires about _% to be considered good support

Short interspersed elements

Long interspersed elements

Whales, as it turns out, are a sister clade to hippos, making them _

The naming and classification of species

Classification based on superficial/morphological similarities

Classification based on evolutionary relationships

A common ancestor and all its descendants are a _ group

A common ancestor and some - but not all - of its descendants are a _ group

Because they exclude some evolutionary descendants, prokaryotes, dicots, fish, and reptiles are all examples of _ groups

Organelle which is coded for/ present in all life and can be used to construct the entire Tree of Life

The task of determining how a taxa came to occupy their current geographical distribution

The use of phylogenies to answer biogeographical questions

When HIV virion enters host cell, it _ transcribes its _ genome into a DNA copy that serves as a template for next generation of virions

Because reverse transcription is _, an HIV population quickly develops substantial genetic _

HIV populations continually _ to evade a host's immune response, which eventually leads to immune collapse, called _

HIV belongs to a family of viruses that infect a variety of _

Evolutionary trees based on genetic comparisons reveal that HIV-2 jumped to humans from _

HIV-1 jumped to humans from _, and has done so more than once

_% of people in sub-Saharan Africa are infected with HIV, making it the most infected region in the world

Inserts HIV RNA into the genome of the host cell

Cleaves precursors into mature viral proteins

Because HIV uses "sloppy" enzymes, its genome is more susceptible to _

The first phase of HIV infection, characterized by a spike in viral load and then a sharpdecline, T-cell count showing inverse profile

Second phase of HIV infection, in which the viral load slows its increase, T-cells decrease,and there is high immune system activation

Third phase of HIV infection; T-cell count collapses, viral load spikes

Drug that resembles thymidine but with an azide instead of a hydroxyl group; gets stuck during reverse transcription by HIV

Anti-HIV drugs are hard to develop because the HIV virus _ rapidly (_% of DNA transcripts have a mutation)

_ errors lead to many mutations in the HIV genome, including the reverse _ gene

The mutations in HIV genome make _ in enzyme function

Small pieces of protein in cell membranes; recognized by immune system as foreign

Selection favors evolution of novel _ in the HIV genome

The rate of evolution levels off eventually in an HIV patient due to the collapse of _ function,which removes _

HIV is fatal because evolution has no _, and acts only on its current environment

Allele that confers resistance to developing AIDS symptoms in an HIV patient

The native population with the highest concentration of the CCR5-delta32 allele is _. This is possibly the historical result of the _

Type of HIV that came from SIVcpz virus, in chimpanzees

Type of HIV that came from sooty mangabeys and stump-tailed macaques, only common in Africa

When a virus moves to a new type of host

A point mutation is caused by the random _ during DNA synthesis or replication

The significance of a _ mutation is that it creates new alleles

A chromosome inversion is the result of _ a chromosome segment

A chromosome inversion is the result of _ in DNA, caused by _ or other insults

Gene duplication is caused by unequal _ during meiosis or _

Adenine and guanine are _

Thymine and cytosine are _

An exon is a _ region of DNA

Unequal crossing-over is the most common cause of _

An allele is a particular sequence variation of a _

Inversions can create "supergenes" owing to cross-over _

_ suppress recombination

The drawback to using _ to estimate mutation rates is that they can reflect selection

Bayesian probability is an alternative method of _

Minimum distance criterion is an alternative method of _

Phylogenies are based on analysis of characters, such as morphology or _

Autapomorphies are _ characters

Symplesiomorphies are _ characters

Model-based methods apply _ and _ to phylogenetics

_ models of evolution look at genetic distances

Bootstrapping involves sampling with _, creating a large number of _, and finding in what % of analyses a phylo. group is _

In the acute phase of HIV infection there is a spike in _ and then a sharp decline, _ count showing _

In the chronic phase of HIV infection, the viral load _ its increase, T-cells _, and there is high _ activation

In the AIDS phase of HIV infection, T-cell count _, viral load _

The mutations in HIV genome make variability in _ function

Epitopes are small pieces of _ in cell membranes, which are recognized by the immune system as _

The _ postulate of the Modern Synthesis: There is variation among the _ of a population,produced by _

The _ postulate of the Modern Synthesis: Variation of alleles is _, meaning it is passed on _ from parent to offspring

The _ postulate of the Modern Synthesis: Some individuals are more _ than others at _ and _

The _ postulate of the Modern Synthesis: The alleles of a given individual may positively or negatively impact its relative reproductive _

The two types of point substitution mutations

Mutation that consists of a movement of a piece of genetic information from one location to another