ed151

Unit of meaning that is added to a word to convey a specific meaning in the newly created word; prefix/suffix added to the end of the word

a letter combination that signals one sound

The smallest grammatical unit in a language. Smallest unit of meaning

The study of word structure and how words are formed from morphemes to convey meaning

o Extending the term beyond the adult concept of the word (e.g., cotton ball = snow; dog = Leo)

o Limiting the term to a subset of contexts allowed by the adult concept (e.g., dog used ONLY for own dog),

o Ex: walk walks, walked, walking; o Ex: happy happier, happiest o Ex: Marking plural or possessive (e.g., cats, boy’s) o ALWAYS a suffix

A language variety in which sounds, grammar, and vocabulary identify speakers according to region, (ethnicity), or social class distinction;

o Newborns prefer listening to o Tape recordings of people speaking in the language of their caregiver o Tape recordings of their own mothe

o Can handle more subtle (hard-to-detect) differences in sounds o Ex: /a/ in cat vs. caught o Can detect individual words in extended uttera

o Preference for made-up words that have the phonetic properties of their language o By 12 months of age, infants are beginning to use their

o Implicit-to-conscious o Brain goes from merely registering similarities and differences in sounds to consciously reflecting on sounds in w

o Reflexive crying & vegetative sounds(newborn) o Cooing & laughter (6 – 8 weeks) o Vocal play (17 – 30 weeks) o Canonical/reduplicative bab

o 11 consonant sounds make up 90% of those produced by infants at end of babbling stage

o By 3 years old, produce all vowel sounds & nearly all consonant sounds o Some exceptions  Ex: Liquids such as /l/ and /r/wabbit o Most c

o Trends across cultures (e.g., /m/ sound is one of the earliest in many cultures + babbling) o Brain changes from birth to age 5 (e.g., spe

o Rearing environment matters o Preference for mother’s voice o Canonical babbling takes on prosodic characteristics of child’s native langu

o Individual differences exist in the level of phonological processing skill at particular ages o Individual differences exist in the strate

words constantly added = lexical o They have meaning themselves o Continue to be acquired throughout the lifespan  Nouns (e.g., student) 

words NOT normally added = structural o They do not have meaning themselves, but contribute to meaning o Typically acquired by age 6 or 7 

o The child’s ability to understand that different prints serve different functions depending on its context o The understanding that writte

the smallest units of sound in a language that, when changed, cause a change in meaning. Ex /b/, /p/ pat and bat

• The skills, knowledge, and attitudes that are developmental precursors to reading and writing • Acquisition of literacy – developmental c

is the idea of letters of a written language representing the sounds of aspoken language

instruction should be systematic and explicit.

• greatest impact on children's reading achievement when it begins in kindergarten or first grade

is the ability to read a text accurately, quickly, and with expression (also called prosody).

: The fast, effortless word recognition that comes with a great deal of reading practice. Refers only to accurate, speedy word recognition,

the collection of pairings between meanings and spoken words

Monitoring comprehension, Using graphic organizers, Answering qs, Generating Qs, Recognizing storystructure, summ & coop learning

• Provide daily writing time• Teach students to use the writing process for a variety of purposes Create engaged community of writers

strategies for teaching elementary school students to be effective writers

o on studying and emulating model texts in a particular genre, learning about specific text features and characteristics, and producing text

o Focus on the process of composing--planning, drafting, revising, editing

The quality or state of being literate, Educated, cultured, Able to read and write. The ability to read and write

Person who can engage in all those activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his or her group and community and als

Means that a person cannot use reading, writing, and calculation skills for his/her own and the community’s development

• Accumulated advantage for students who start out with good foundational reading skills • Disadvantage for those who do not • Downward/upwa

• Color coding: Highlighting the different parts of an argumentative essay to make visible how much summary or commentary there is o Encour

Be able to give at least one example of explicit writing instruction and be able to explain how it works to support student writing developm

o The conventional spelling system of a language o Orthographic processing is the visual ability to process letters and letter patterns into

is made of characters which represent words in their entirety rather than as their phonetic components.

consist of letters (graphemes) representing individual consonant and vowel sounds.

Educators should teach phonics in an organized and logical manner in order for the students to see the letter-sound relationship

: Programs should be equipped with clear instructions for teaching these relationships. • greatest impact on children's reading achievement