ESOL praxis

1974, Supreme Court Ruling, Identical education does not constitute equal education

Exchange of cultural features, Cultural groups remain distinct but cultural patterns may be altered

Teachers use English to provide content, use gestures, visual aids, focus on content rather than language

Honeymoon, Hostility, Humor, Home

Use student's L1 as well as English for instruction, Teachers must be proficient in the group's L1 as well as English

The blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society

1982, Public Schools have to allow children of illegal immigrants to enroll in school and state and local tax bodies have to pay the cost

Late exit, Remain in program throughout elementary and spend at least 40% of instruction in L1 even after classified as fluent-English-prof

Fight, Flight, Going Native, Adaptation

Instruction provided in both languages, alternating days, grouped with other students from same language

Vocal effects like whispering, conversation, turn-taking, intonation

Contains a component of instruction in and about Egnlish but focuses on content that may be given to students in L1

Preproduction, Early Production, Speech Emergence, Intermediate Fluency, Advance Fluency

Speaking, Listening, Reading and Writing, Given annually and as a diagnostic upon entry

The process of changing the environment to fit our beliefs

The learning of a second language at the expense of the L1

The process of using actions/movements to teach a language

The process of maintaining home language/culture while adapting to a new language/culture

The study of spatial distances between individuals in different cultures and situations

Abstract academic knowledge (language of the classroom)

A model of instruction by ESOL staff, Students receive content/language support in the mainstream classroom

A model of instruction used by ESOL staff, Students are pulled from regular classes to receive specialized English instruction

"Dinner is being prepared." Active or Passive Voice?

Interspersing the native language with the second language

The sound relationship between orthography (symbols) and phonology

The study of the ways that context contributes to meaning

Means for learning an L2 that are related to individual feelings

Sentence structure

BICS

Members of a dominant group learn the language of minority without threat to their L1 competence or to their ethnic identity

"I had been eating." Tense?

wh in when, h in hope, y in yard...semivowel, non syllabic

"She designed a new exhibit." Morpheme in designed?

"She works at the zoo." Morpheme is works?

"She cleans cages and sheds." Morphemes in cages and sheds?

in see, ea in meal, ie in field, ei in receive

The sound relationship between orthography (symbols) and phonology

The study of the ways that context contributes to meaning

Means for learning an L2 that are related to individual feelings

Sentence structure

BICS

wh in when, h in hope, y in yard...semivowel, non syllabic

"I had been eating." Tense?

"She designed a new exhibit." Morpheme in designed?

"She works at the zoo." Morpheme is works?

"She cleans cages and sheds." Morpheme in cages and sheds?

e in be, ee in see, ea in meal, ie in field, ei in receive

been, bread, friend

"She is working." Morpheme in working?

Language learning results from strength of associations between stimulus and response, cognitive fw. says freq. of input influences learnin

sh, ch, j

Monitor Model..Whose theory?

Morpheme Order Studies ... Who?

Interlanguage... Whose theory?

Contrastive Analysis... Whose theory?

Error Analysis... Whose theory?

Underlying knowledge of language

Repetition and memorization of dialogues is a common practice

Speakers usually unconsciously change pronunciation to sound more like whomever they are talking to

Differential specialization of the 2 halves of the brain. For example, the left hemis. becomes specialized for most language activity

A metaphor used by Chomsky to refer to children's language faculty

A cognitive framework which assumes that SLA proceeds from controlled to automatic processing and involves progressive reorg. of knowledge

Can't prolong the sound, completely stopping flow of air somewhere in vocal apparatus

t,p,d,b,k,g

s,v

ts and j

Stopping the flow of air somewhere in the vocal apparatus and then releasing the air slowly

"Michael isn't here. Is in school." Error?

un, ness

Symbols relate holistically to word meanings

Designed to provide comprehensible instruction for ELLs, Integrates language devel., content instr. and explicit instr. in learning strat.

Smallest meaning bearing units of language

Incorrectly apply L1 structure to L2. For example, "I have 10 years" instead of "I am 10"

Idiomatic expression

Universal Grammar. Whose theory?

Constructionism. Whose theory?

Back of tongue touches soft palate (gate, k wh, ng)

au in cow, ai in die...what are these?

How many vowel sounds in English?

"House my friend." Error?

Vocabulary

Sound system

Word Structure

Grammar

Studies how the location and organization of lang. might differ between monolingual vs. multilingual speakers, What is added to brain of L2

"He is my sister." Error?

"He is one engineer." Error?

"He is teacher." Error?

sounds that make a difference in the identity of words

When a second language is introduced after the native language has been acquired

When young children acquire more than one language at the same time

Invasion, immigration, religion, desire for education, interest, economic, need to contact

Emphasizing repetition and habit formation

The ability to use language appropriate to a particular social setting

A set of two words that differ from one another by only one phoneme. Example- fair/care

A pair of letters that together are used to represent one sound. Example- shirt

A point past which language learners can not progress without exceptional effort or motivation

Whole Language Approach

An area in the left frontal lobe of the brain that is responsible for the ability to speak

Achieving production of language through prior knowledge of language system and of graphic and auditory cues

Most influential cognitive framework applied to language learning in 1950s. Claims learning is result of habit formation

L1 serves most needs, L2 needed for some official functions in their immediate sociopolitical setting

After the initial stage of controlled processing, this stage requires less mental space and attentional effort o the learner's part

Organization of 2 languages in the brain as a fused or unified system

Verbal or non-verbal indications by a listener of comprehension or lack thereof

Any form of computer based interaction in L2 learning

t,d,n,l

"The house is big. She is pretty." Error?

"He has job." Error?

"The honesty is the best policy." Error?

Expository, Narrative, Skimming, Graphic

Learning L2 through the medium of L1

Simultaneous bilingualism (before the age of 3, mixing 2 languages)

Grammar, Sentence Structure, Word Order, Verb tenses and forms, verb conjugation

Compare writing systems, Analyze sounds, Compare morphemes, get baseline writing sample, determine which phonemes may affect pronunciation

The combination of words in a sentence for expressing thoughts or ideas (communication)

/ei/ sounds like...

/u:/ sounds like

Influenced by Mentalism (discover the speaker's underlying competence). Language is a rule governed behavior

"I will be eating.

"I will be eating." Tense?

"I have eaten." Tense?

"I am eating." Tense?

"I eat." Tense?

"I will eat." Tense?

Language for future travel

Language for learning through reading, or research

language for wider communication, pen pals

Example- Learning French for hotel management

/k/ sounds like...

/I/ sounds like

/e/ sounds like

Languages can be used to communicate ideas about things that are not in the immediate vicinity either spatially or temporarily.

Language comprehension precedes this period

Airstream comes out of the nose, m, n, ng

unobstructed sound...home

Language for education and employment

Framework for SLA study describing phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics

Theory- Said to allow students to interact meaningfully with one another in the target language

p,v, z

b, f, s

"Mary has given many tours. Morpheme for given?

"Language is not 'soaked up' unless input is meaningful."- Krashen

"Mary's favorite animal is a lion." Morpheme for Mary's?

Sociocultural Theory...Whose theory?

Framework for SLA - interacting with other people as a learning process-Vygotsky

A combination of words that commonly occur together, including idioms and metaphors

A basic tenet of sociolinguists defined as what a speaker needs to know to communicate appropriately within a particular language community

SRR- stimuli, response and reinforcement (framework for SLA study- 1950s)

Consonant and vowel units

Addresses teaching of language, not teaching how to learn

Words that can change meaning based on context. ex.- table in math and table as piece of furniture

"Criticize people is not good." Error?

Morphemes that don't change part of speech. Ex.- great, greater

Before the learner produces an utterance, he or she internally scans for errors and uses the learned system to make corrections (Krashen)

Lower lip touching upper teeth (f,v)

lips together (m, b, p)

"car" is what type of morpheme?

"careful" contains example of what type of morpheme

How many morphemes can each word have?

Study of the structure of words and word formation

These types of morphemes can change the syntactic qualification of the word, like sub conscious (adj.), sub conscious ly (adv.)

Learning the culture of the L2 community and adapting to those values and behavior patterns

Acculturation model...whose theory?

Age and social status of interlocutors are among the factors that contribute to variations inlinguistic...

Natural ability

Before the teacher refers the student for a speech evaluation, it is important to determine...

The process of losing one's language/culture in order to gain entry to another (drop everything you know/become similar to new culture)

"I have been eating." Tense?

Using a variety of methods to promote and augment true reading comprehension

An area of potential development where the learner can only achieve that potential with assistance (Vygotsky)

An area of the left frontal lobe of the brain that processes audio input

Knowledge that people must have in order to interpret and convey meaning with communicative situations

"The children of my sister" Error?

"Him hit me. Let we go." Error?

"I saw many yellow flowers. It was pretty." Error?

Tongue between teeth (the, think)

Two words that sound the same and may or may not be spelled the same way, but carry different meanings (who's, whose)

Students should be encouraged to discover rules themselves with minimal teacher intervention

Focus on how learners make sense of new information through such means as problem- solving, working together, applying info. to real life

Meanings of words, phrases and non-literal expressions

Utilize means beyond traditional paper/pencil tests

Pathways that allow for communication between cerebral hemispheres

l and r (think lakes and rivers)

The tongue produces a partial closure in the mouth, resulting in a resonant, vowel like consonant

Intermediate state of a learner's language as it moves towards the target L2

modern father of linguistics

Another name for the Audiolingual method

Varieties of a language tht are used in particular situations

An approach to SLA that focuses on the sequence in which specific English grammatical morphemes are acquired

Subconscious creation of a mental grammar that allows speakers to interpret and produce utterances they haven't heard before (Dulay, Burt)

Branch of linguistics that studies language and the brain

a condition (inability to talk), right hemis. will adopt the language functions from left hemis. due to trauma

Ability for the brain to absorb new functions

Extending the application of a rule to items that are excluded from it in the language norm

Supporting learners by limiting complexities of the context and gradually removing those as learner gains skills

Simple sentences that contain only essential information

A teaching method involving use of music, visualization, breathing exercises

This type of sentence consists of a subject and a predicate

These types of sentences are used to form questions

This voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action

In this voice, the object receives the action of the verb. For example, "Cats eat fish."

/ɔI/ sounds like

/ɜː/ sounds like

/ɑː/ sounds like

/ɒ/ sounds like

/ɔː/ sounds like

/æ/ sounds like

/ʊ/ sounds like

/ə/ sounds like

/ð/ sounds like

/θ/ sounds like

/ʃ/ sounds like

/tʃ/ sounds like

/dʒ/ sounds like

/j/

/ʒ/ sounds like

/əʊ/ sounds like

/aʊ/ sounds like

/eə/ sounds like

/Iə/ sounds like

/ɑI/ sounds like

/ʌ/ sounds like

What act gave federal funding to support schools in educating English learners?

Supreme Court ruling that said students have the right to differential treatment based on their minority status.

Supreme Court ruling that requires states to enroll students of illegal immigrants

This phrase begins with the word "to" + a simple form of a verb. For example, "To smash a spider"

This is a noun formed by taking a verb and adding the suffix “-ing.”

Types of idioms where if taken literally, the listener will be able to understand meaning

These idioms may need more direction explanation and the use of other descriptions to help students understand the meaning. (green thumb)

A group of consonants that appear together in a word without any vowels between them. When reading,each letter is pronounced individually

which a sound, usually a consonant, comes to be produced with the tongue in a position in the mouth near the palate.

Consonant sounds that involve a forceful expulsion of air. Ex. h in hat

The pattern of stress given to a word especially when said in isolation

The production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the m

sound involves the close approximation of two articulators, so that the airstream is partially obstructed and a turbulent airflow is produce

A consonant formed by the audible release of the airstream after complete closure of the glottis. Ex. the t in curtain and fountain

the study of signs and sign processes, designation, likeness, analogy, metaphor, symbolism, signification, and communication

any pedagogical practice undertaken by second language (L2) teachers with the goal of drawing their students' attention to language form.

A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for commun

We do not pronounce every word clearly. Ex.- kuz instead of because

Called "open class words" and include nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. New words can regularly be added to this group

Closed class words, are conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns; and new words cannot be (or are very rarely) added to this class

Taught in native language. Focus is on memorizing vocabulary and translating literaturepassages.

The use of clear, direct, simple English and wide range of scaffolding strategies to communicate meaningful input in the content area to ELL

Students take responsibility for their own learning. Teacher is silent much of the time

Content is taught in 2 or more languages- 50/50 L1, L2. Student population is that of 2 or morelanguages

teaches explicit learning strategies while language is taught through content

A system for teaching language and content effectively

Use of acting out, games, and skills. Kinesthetic sensory system

A bilingual program that strives for full bilingualism and biliteracy. Native languageinstruction continues after English proficiency is

Using L2, students listen to dialogue, then answer a series of questions. Visual aids and pantomine used

a bilingual program designed to move students to English proficiency as soon as possible. Then native language is discontinued

Learn set patterns and the structure in new words. Stress pronunciation and repetitive drills

Language is learned best when it is whole and in cotext. Focus is on the meaning and using language to communicate reading, writing, spea

Almost 100% of class is taught in the target language

teaching method that uses relaxation techniques (yoga, classical music, soft lighting, welcoming atmosphere, first language may be used free

Claims the degree of knowledge and skill in L1 will determine the ease of transfer to L2. (Cummins)

Budner spoke of trait of good language learner. Developed scale to define leaner as either comfortable or one who perceives as threat

(Scovel) Type of anxiety that helps the learner because the learner wants to do well and succeed

(Scovel) The type of anxiety that limits or holds the learner back from performing well because he can't help himself

Type of learning style described as people-oriented, emotional, spontaneous

Type of learning style that is object-oriented, with a capacity for making connections and inferences

Type of learning style that is autonomous, prefers social learning, likes making decisions

This type of learning style defers to the teacher, does not enjoy learning by discovery, intolerant of facts that do not fit (ambiguity)

The L1/L2 learner omits a phoneme (the smallest unit of a word). For example, the learner pronounces _ar instead of bar

The L1/L2 learner substitutes a phoneme. For example, the pronounce take instead of rake

The L1/L2 learner substitutes a phoneme. For example, the pronounce take instead of rake

The L1/L2 learner pronounces a phoneme incorrectly, and the sound produced is not considered normal. For example-pronounces three as free

The L1/L2 learner adds an additional syllable to a word. For ex.- pronounces the word liked as like-id

Words and word choice important in these cultures because many things are left unsaid but are implicit (Russian, Chinese)

These cultures need to be more explicit when communicating and individual word choice is less important ( English, German)

An approach in ESOL teaching that integrates the classroom content with English Language instruction

Refers to English which dominates many aspects of the political and economic progress of the world (ex. American English, South African Eng)

In English, all inflections are _______ and occur at the very end of the word.

These derivative suffixes change adjectives or verbs into nouns (Ex.-acy, -ance, -ician, -ist)

Ehri's continuum of word reading-this phase treats words as pictograms equating length with meaning

Ehri's continuum of word reading- in this phase, children may confuse similar words

Ehri's continuum of word reading- in this phase, child can sound out regular, one-syllable words

A system of language learning based on the system of meanings a learner would need to know in order to communicate (Wilkins)

Lewis proposed the idea of "chunks"of language that the learner must master to be able to communicate

Language acquisition approach focused on building up the learner's receptiveness for learning listening skills as well as some reading skill

Theorists say people construct their own meaning and knowledge of the world through experience and reflection on these experiences

A CBA/CBL based approach created to instruct Russian through problem solving and multiple choice answers (Postovsky)

A self-instructional program based on CBA/CBL principles which provided no feedback to the learner

Approach assumes learner has the ability to receive comprehensible speech input and determine its pattern without someone spelling it out

Language is acquired through the mental act of reasoning which creates the conditions for learning, ex.- problem solving (Prabhu)

Pitch- the voice is rising

Pitch- the voice is falling

Pitch- the voice is neutral

Pitch- the voice falls abruptly

Pitch- the voice falls slightly and then rises

Speech utterance that is not spoken but nevertheless is understood by the speaker

Concerns implications the listener can make from utterances without actually being told

Utterances that use stress and tone to convey meaning

Utterances (goal-directed actions) whose purpose is to get people to do things

A subject that consists of two or more nouns or pronouns

A predicate that contains more than one verb pertaining to the subject (walked and talked)

A sentence that is a complete thought consisting of a subject and a predicate

A sentence that consists of two independent clauses joined together by a coordinator (and, or, nor, but)

A sentence consisting of a dependent clause and an independent clause joined together using a subordinator (although, after, when)

These conjunctions connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function in a sentence (either, or and neither, nor)

These conjunctions are words used to introduce adverbial clauses (ex. for time- after, before, when)

After, before, when, while, as, as soon as

because, now that, since

although, even though, though

if, only if, unless, whether or not

Type of pronouns? any, each, both, most

Types of nouns? an apple, twelve chairs, six geese

Types of nouns? liberty, coffee, politics

How many parts of speech in the English language

Omission of a sound between two words (usually a vowel and the end of one word or beginning of next)

A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant followed by a fricative (initial sounds in child and joy)

A consonant characterized by frictional passage of the expired breath through a narrowing at some point in the vocal tract

A stop or occlusive produced by the stopping the airflow in the vocal tract

Sounds joined together, frequently a final consonant with an initial consonant or a vowel with an initial vowel by inserting a /w/ or /y/

Branch of phonetics that investigates the ways in which sounds are made

Branch of phonetics that studies speech as it is heard or its waveform

Branch of phonetics -studies the manipulation of the waveform and tests to identify whichaspect of sound are necessary for understanding

Tests in which the results are interpreted based on the performance of a given group

Tests in which the individual's test score is based on the mastery of course content

Tests that approximate the grammar-translation approach to teaching language, where student is asked to perform tasks like multiple choice

Tests based on discrete points, are typically very long and many of the items have no connection with each other

Tests based upon communicative principles and by their very nature, authentic (performance based tests)

this, that, these, those, none and neither