Biology

138 cards·by michayla

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monoscharride

one sugar unit, simplest carb, soluble in water, several OH groups & sweet taste.

Ribose & Deoxyribose

5 carbon backbone & building blocks for nucleic acids

Glucose & Fructose

Assembling larger carbohydrates

Oligosacharride

Short chain of two or more sugar units

Disacharride

two sugar units examples of oligosacharride

Sucrose

Transport form of sugar used by plants and harvested by humans for use in food. We this from glucose and fructose

Lactose

Glucose and galactose (present in milk)

Maltose

2 glucose units present in germinating seeds

Polysacharride

is a straight or branched chain of hundreds or thousands of sugar units

___ is a plant storage form of _____

Starch & Energy

Cellulose

fiberlike structural material used in plant cells; tough & insoluble

Glycogen

a highly branched chain used by animals to store energy in muscles and liver

Main storage carbohydrate in ainmals

glycogen

Glucose

usual form in which carbs are assimilated

Lipids & How can they be broken down?

greasy or oily compounds with little tendency to dissolve in water. hydrolysis

What do lipids do?

Energy storage, membrane structure and coatings

Fatty Acid

A long chain of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms with a *carboxyl group at one end

Two kinds of fatty acids:

saturated, unsaturated

Saturated

Have only C-C bonds in their fatty acid tails and solid at room temp

UNsaturated

Liquid (oils) at room temp because one or more double bonds between the carbons in the fatty acids permits kinks in the tails

Triglyceride

Formed by the attachment of 1,2 or 3 fatty acids to a glycerol

Triglycerides are _____. They have more than twice the energy of _____.

Very rich in energy & Carbs

PHospholipids

Formed by the attachment of two fatty acids plus a phosphate group to a glycerol.

_____ are the main structural material of membranes

Phospholipids

Waxes

formed by attachment of long chain fatty acids to long chain alcohols or carbon rings.

Where do you find waxes?

plant parts and animal coveringS

Sterols

Backbone of 4 carbon rings

Major sterol in animal tissue

Cholesterol

A protein consists of 1 or more chains of _____

amino acids

Proteins function as ____________

1. cell movement 2. hormones 3. antibodies 4. enzymes 5. storage and transport agents 6. structural material

Amino acids

small organic molecules with an amino group, an acid group, a hydrogen atom and one of twenty varying R groups

Primary Structure

Ordered sequence of amino acids each linked by a peptide bond to form polypeptide chains

There are __ kinds of amino acids available in nature

The sequence of the amino acids is determined by ____ and is unique for each protein

DNA

Fibrouous proteins

have polypeptide chains organized as strands & contribute to shape, internal organization and movement of cells

Globular proteins

includes most enzymes and have their chains folded into compact rounded shapes

Three dimensional structure is determined by how amino acid sequences present their ___ for hydrogen bonding. That structure influences ____

Atoms & their function

____, ____ and _____ structures are recognized

secondary tertionary and ternary

lipoproteins

lipid and protein components. transport fat and cholesterol to the blood

Glyco proteins

oiliogosaccharides covalently bonded to proteins, abundant on exterior of animal cells, as cell products and in blood

Denaturation

high temps or changes in pH can cause a loss of a proteins normal shape and is irreversable

Nucleotide

Consists of a five carbon sugar, a nitrogen containing base and a phosphate group

The nucleotide closely associated with energy is

ATP

____ are units of nucleotides

nucleic acids

Photosynthesis

conversion of solar energy to chemical energy

atomic number

number of protons

buffer

stablizes pH by combining or releasing H+ atoms. Carbonic acid (HC2O3) is the bodies main buffer

Aerobic respiration

cells release stored chemical energy and transfer it to ATP

Organic compound

carbon and one or more element covalently bonded

All organisms can be identified by a ___ and a ____

genus ex: ursus americanus Species: black bear

Metabolism

the ability to store, utilize, acquire and transfer energy

Monera

bacteria

Substance that releases OH- and combines with H+ is called a

base

Cohesion

Molecules stick together & Can resist rupturing when under tension

Fungi

molds & mushrooms

nonpolar covalent bond

shares electrons equally and hydrophobic

compounds

to or more elements combined in fixed proportions

characteristics of life

1. use energy 2. reproduce 3. growth and development 4. cells 5. response to environmental change

Receptors

an allowed response to hot or cold, varying food supply and harmful substances

Multicelled organisms have increasingly complex____

levels of organization

All organisms are part of ____.

webs

Substance that releases H+ ions is an

acid

the five kingdoms

monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animilia

evolution

varying of frequency in a population

ATP

cells main energy carrier

solute

substance being dissolved

polar

shares electrons unequally and hydrophilic

trace elements

elements found in the body in small but critical amounts ex. copper

stabilizing temp

Key in evaporating and freezing properties

Theory

related set of hypotheses that form a broad ranging explanation of many phenomena

another word for atoms

subatomic building blocks

matter includes

solids liquids and gases

smallest unit of matter

atom

protista

1- celled organisms

plantae

multicellular plants

levels of organization

tissues, organs, organ system, organism, populations, communities, ecosystem, biosphere

solvent

liquid that dissolves the solute

polarity

opposite properties

scientists must be content with ____ which becomes stronger as more repetitions are made

Relative certainty

animals (consumers) feed on the stored energy in plants using _______

aerobic respiration

energy

the capacity to make things happen

elements

substance that cannot be degraded into a substance having different properties

proton

positively charged/ apart of nucleus

animilia

multicellur organisms

mutations

variations in hereditary instructions

homeostasis

internal environment balance

cell

basic unit of life

mass #

# protons + # nuetrons

hydrogen bonding

extremely strong force that can occur between H, F and O bonds apparent bc of their slight opposite charge

4 properties of water

stabalize temp, polarity, coohesion, solvent

salt

ionic compound formed when an acid reacts with a base

Scienists ust prepare to change their minds in light of new ______

evidence

spheres of hydrations

water molecules surround the charged parts of individual ions to keep them dispersed

ask a ___ make a ___ predict the ______

question, hypothesis, outcome

if _____ is ____ repeat the tests for _____

hypothesis, valid, consistency

examine____hypotheses in same manner. ___ on the tests and conclusions

alternative, report objectively

chemical bond

union b/w atoms formed when they give up gain or share electron

ionic bond

+ & - charged ions are mutually attracted by opposite charges

covalent bond

hold two atoms that share 1 or more pairs of electrons

ion

gets its + or - charged when an atom looses or gains an electron

DNA

molecule that separates living from non living by carrying hereditary instructions for the assembly of new organisms

bacteria and fungi

decomposers that break down large complex molecules between them into smaller simpler rawmaterials among them

theories are accepted or rejects on the basis of ____ and are subject to revision

tests/ experiments

bonded units of 2 or more atoms

molecule

ionization of water

pH OR break down of H+ and OH- ions

the __ the H_ the ___ the pH scale

high , lower

plants ( producers) trap the suns energy by ___

photosynthesis

4 most abundant elements

c, o, h, n

atoms consist of

protons, nuetrons, electrons

electrons

negatively charged, outside of nucleus

nuetrons

no charge, part of the nucleus

measure of the amount of H+ in a solution

groupings from least inclusive to most inclusive

Genera, family order, class, phylum/division, kingdom

photosynthesis

conversion of solar energy to chemical energy

how do organisms depend on each other

through the flow of energy between them and the recycling of raw materials amoung them

energy flows from the____

sun

the study of bio is important because

it gives an understanding of life

whether 1 atom will bond with another depends on the number and arraignments of its

electrons

surface tension

pulls water through plants

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called

isotopeds

electron transfer

stripped electrons and transfer from one molecule to another

functional groups:

phosphate: P, aldehyde: CHO, carboxyl : COOH Keytone C=O Hydroxyl OH, amino: NH3/NH2, methyl: CH3

oxygen, hydrogen and carbon

are the most abundant elements in living matter

a carbon atom can rotate freely around a ____ covalent bond

single

in ____ only hydrogen atoms are attached to carbon backbones

hydrocarbons

single and double bonds help give rise t______ of biological molecules

3 dimensional shapes and functions

a ____ covalent bond restricts rotation

doubke

macromolecules

carbs, lipids, proteins, nucliec acide

duties of the molecules of life is to form larger _____

macromolecules

molecules of life

simple sugars, fatty acides, amino acides, and nucleotides

hydrolysis and ex.

break down of molecules by the enzymatic addition of water ex. cleavage

cleavage

split of 1 molecule to 2

condensation

2 molecules to 1

functional groups convey distance properties such as

chemical reaction and solubility

carbon can share electrons w/ as many as ___ other atoms to form organic molecules

enzymes

speed up the reaction

functional groups

an atom or a group of atoms that are covalently bonded to a carbon backbone and transfer one molecule to another

rearrangement of internal bonds

converts one type of organic molecule to another