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What is Anatomy
The study of internal STRUCTURE, physical relationship among body parts
What is Physiology?
The study of human body function
Negative feedback
negative stressors counter acts, reverses the change
Positive feedback
Increasing output, increases stimuli, body wants large fast response
Sagittal plane
Through the middle HORIZONTALLY : l
Transverse
Through middle of body, cut in half
Coronal
Slices in half from axilary side middle axillary slice
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial, Vertebral
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic, Abdominalpelvic
Thoracic Cavity
Pleural Cavities L and R, Mediastanium, Pericardial Cavity
Abdominal Pelvic Cavity
Diaphragm, peritoneal cavity, abdominal cavity, Abdominal Cavity, Pelvic Cavity
Membranes in Ventra Cavity
Pleura, Pericardium, Peritoneum
Parietal
Outer, layers line cavity wall
Visceral
Inner, covers the orgasn within the cavity
Histology
Study of tissue
4 Types of Tissue
Epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
Epithelial Tissue
Bonds to connective tissue, glandular
Types of Epithelial membranes
Mucous membranes, serous(serosa) membranes, cutaneous(skin) membranes
Mucous Membranes
Line body cavities that open to external environment. ex: respiratory, digestive, urinary,
reproductive passageway
Serous membrane
Line internal body cavities and cover organs within the cavities, 2 layesr parietal and
visceral. ex: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum
Cutaneous membrane(skin)
Covers and protects body surface from external environment
Epithelial vs Connective tissue
epidermis and dermis
Layers in epithelial
Simple- Single Layer, Stratified-more than 1 layer of cells, Pseudostratified-looks like
more than 1 layer but its not
Cell shapes
Squamous-flat, cuboidal- cube shape, Columnar-tall columns
Connective Tissue
Usually widely spaced with intracellular matrix, well vascularized except cartiledge,
does not regenerate easily, repair ability depends CT
Components of connective tissue
Speciallized cells, extraceullar matrix, ground substance-liquid-gel like- solid,
Protein fibers
Collage-Strength Elastic-Elasticity Reticular-Provides support
Connective Tissue
Matrix determines the functional qualities of tissue
Mesenchyme
Losely organized embryonic tissue that develops into connective tissue
Connective Tissue Proper
Lose, dense,
Supportive Connective Tissue
Cartiledge, bone tissue
Fluid connective tissue
Blood, lymph
Connective tissue proper
fibroblast, hyaluronic acid
3 types of cartiledge
Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartiledge
2 types of bone tissue
Spongy(cancellous), Dense(Compact)
Spongy Cancellous bone tissue
matrix arranged in trabeculae into bown marrow spaces
Level of organization
Chemical(molecular), Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organisms
Skeletal System Includes
Bone, Cartiledge, Joint, Ligaments, connective tissues
Trabeculae
Branching network of bony tissue
Spongy Bone vs Compact
Spongy-tubeculae Compact(dense)- osteon, contraconen
Osteprogenitor cells
derive from mesynchimal cells
Osteoblasts
Responsible for osteogenesis-creates bone tissue
Long Bones
Humerous, femur ect
Short bones
tarsal, carpals
Irregular bones
vertebrate
Sesamoid bones
patella
Long Bone Structure
Dyaphisis(shaft)
Epiphysis
Spongy Bone
Articular cartlidge
white part on epiphysis
Metaphysis
below epiphysis
Medullary cavity
inside of bone in bone marrow lined with endosteum
Ossification (bone formation)
Process of converting other tissue to bone
2 types of ossification
Intramembranous, Endochondral
3 steps in fracture repair
1.Hematoma, 2.Callous formation, 3. Bone remodeling
How many bones in human body
206 bones in human body, axal-6 bones, appendicular-126
Attachment points
Crest, spine, spineous process, transverse process
Depression/ openings
fossa, foramen, meatus
Simple squamous is found in
lungs
Cytoplasm
All the stuff inside the cell
cytosol
intracellular fluid
Membranous Organelles
Nucleous, Mitochondria, Endoplastic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
peroxisomes,
Non membranous Organelles
In direct contact with cystosol, ribosomes, proteasomes
Transcription
Production of RNA through single cell DNA
Translation
Assembling of protein in ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Receives new protein from RER and lipids from SER
Lysosomes
Produced by golgi apparatus
Cillia vs Fagella
Cillia- Moves substances along like mucus. Flagella- Moves whole cell,
Hypotonic vs Hypertonic
Water gain due to low salute concentration around cell, hypertonic-cell waterloss due to
higher salute concentration around cell