Marine Ecology

The four top regions for net fishery imports are _

Oceanic structures that produce promising anti-cancer chemicals and other drugs

Substance derived from kelp that is used as a smoothener in food and toothpaste

What fallacy is a major challenge for ocean sustainability?

The scientific study of interactions between marine organisms and their biotic & abiotic ocean environment

The marine environment covers _% of the Earth's surface

The marine environment contains _% of the volume of Earth's total biosphere

The largest ocean

The second largest ocean

The third largest ocean

The name for the primordial Pacific ocean before the other oceans formed

How many millions of years ago did Pangaea begin to break apart?

Northern landmass after Pangaea split apart

Southern landmass after Pangaea split apart

Ocean with complex seafloor spreading

Ocean with a single major mid-ocean ridge

The pattern left when iron in basalt aligns with the Earth's magnetic field and gets hardened in that alignment, then gets pushed outward

Large island bisected by the Atlantic's mid-ocean ridge

Ocean with high amounts of coastal subduction

Ocean with relatively little coastal subduction

Plate that is subducted in the Peru-Chile trench, beneath South America

Ocean with narrow continental shelves

Ocean with a broad continental shelf and a gentle continental rise

Ocean with many coastal volcanoes

Ocean with few coastal volcanoes

Ocean with few major rivers draining into it

Ocean with many major rivers draining into it

Ocean with mostly rocky coasts

Ocean with mostly sandy doasts

2 most common ions in seawater

Seawater is relatively _ in essential nutrients

Around 0 degrees latitude, seawater has _ salinity

Salinity in the ocean averages about _ parts per thousand

Relatively little precipitation occurs between _ degrees N and _ degrees S

The oceans and _ are integrally linked

The shallowest zone of a coral reef; mainly sand and algae

The zone of a coral reef located between the lagoon and the reef crest; contains some building corals

The zone of a coral reef located between the back reef and the fore reef; subject to wave crashing and mainly composed of encrusting corals

The zone of a coral reef located between the reef crest and the bank; contains large coral heads and plate-shaped corals

The zone of a coral reef located between the fore reef and the escarpment; contains deep corals, soft corals, gorgonians, sea fans

The deepest zone of a coral reef; contains deep corals, soft corals, gorgonians, sea fans

The mechanistic process in an estuary whereby the wedge of salt water moves up and down with the tides

Physical processes that cause biomass to be removed from a system

Provides organisms with protection from disturbance

The area of the shore that is a narrow interface between marine and terrestrial enviros, physiologically stressful but biol. productive

The patterns noted in the relative distributions of organisms in the rocky intertidal zone

Zonation here is caused mainly by physical factors, i.e. dessication, temperature stress

Zonation here is caused mainly by biological factors, i.e. competition, predation

Type of barnacle found at higher locations in the rocky intertidal zone

Type of barnacle found at lower locations in the rocky intertidal zone

First step of scientific method; can be qualitative or quantitative, can reference past research

Second step of scientific method; explains why a pattern might exist, provides numerous reasonable explanations, is testable

Third step of scientific method; a prediction based on the model, must be about observation that has not been made ("if-then")

The logical opposite of a hypothesis

Form of reasoning where the conclusion is certain, based on current knowledge, but no new information is gained

Form of reasoning in which the conclusion is probable but not certain, based on current knowledge; new info gained

Fourth step of scientific method; can be manipulative or observational

Type of experiment in which all factors can be controlled, useful for establishing causality but difficult and limited applicability

Type of experiment that is used to establish patterns, test generality of models; but causalinferences = not strong, confounding factors

Fifth step of scientific method; uses statistical tools to determine probability of observed results if the null hypothesis is true

If a p value is greater than 0.05, you _ disprove the null hypothesis, and your original model _ supported by the data

If a p value is less than 0.05, you _ disprove the null hypothesis, and your model _ supported by the data

Solar heat acting on the atmosphere above the ocean creates _

Equatorial regions receive more solar energy due to a _ angle of sunlight over a _ area

Temperate and polar regions receive less solar energy due to a _ angle of sunlight over a _ area

Convection cells created in atmosphere north and south of the equator

The name for the polar convection cells above 60 degrees north

The convection cell located between the polar cell and the hadley cell

The latitudes between the ferrel cell and the hadley cell

The equatorial regions between trade winds where sailing ships can get stranded

The "backwards" current that produces the doldrums

The name for the polar convection currents below 60 degrees south

The curved deflection in the path of a fluid flowing linearly over a rotating sphere

The coriolis effect causes currents and objects to deflect to the _ in the northern hemisphere

The coriolis effect causes currents and objects to deflect to the _ in the southern hemisphere

Near the equator, objects on the earth's surface are moving _ meters/second as the Earth rotates

At the poles, objects are moving _ meters/second as the Earth rotates

A large circular current in the oceans

A large oceanic gyre that is raised in the middle slightly due to a balance between the coriolis effect and gravity

A current on the eastern or western sides of a gyre that runs north-south

Earth's rotation makes western boundary currents _ than eastern boundary currents

The sea surface is _ meters higher on the western side of equatorial seas due to strongerboundary currents

The California current runs _ along the western coast of North America

The gulf stream runs _ along the eastern coast of North America

The California current has _ upwelling & production than the gulf stream

The gulf stream runs at a _ speed than the California current

The depth of the California current is _ than the depth of the gulf stream

The width of the gulf stream is _ than the width of the California current

The temperature of the California current is _ than the temperature of the gulf stream

The interaction of surface & vertical currents determines the _

A small local gyre that consists of a warm circle with a colder center

The point off the coast of North Carolina past which the gulf stream greatly accelerates

Climate change might eventually slow or stop the gulf stream, causing a new _ in Europe

The boundary between stratified layers of water of differing temperatures

The surface layer of the ocean has relatively _ temperature and _ density

The boundary between stratified layers of water of differing densities

The deep layer of the ocean, 1000 meters and below, has relatively _ temperature and _ density

_ occurs when vertical mixing removes the thermocline and moves nutrients from the deep sea to well-lit shallows

Photosynthesis in _% of the oceans is fertilized by upwelling, which accounts for about _% of marine fisheries

The three types of upwelling

The net result of water velocity vectors being dragged on by the current above them (friction) and the drag from the coriolis effect

Coastal upwelling is caused by offshore _ along the coast

Brings cooler, nutrient-rich water to the surface

On the Oregon coast, upwelling occurs in _, when _ predominate

On the Oregon coast, downwelling occurs in _, when _ predominate, pushing water _

The current running west-east that eventually turns south to become the California current

North-running current, strongest in winter, just inshore of California current

South-running current, strongest in summer, just inshore of the Davidson countercurrent

Due to Ekman transport in opposite directions on either side of the equator

The relative atmospheric pressure between the east Pacific and the west Pacific; varies in a multi-year cycle

The difference in atmospheric temperature between Papeete, Tahiti in the east Pacific and Darwin, Australia in the west Pacific

When trade winds slacken and the southern oscillation index is low, the warm water bulge in the west Pacific _

Water is relatively _ and _

Measures the relative stickiness of a fluid

Dynamic viscosity / density =

(Velocity * size * density) / dynamic viscosity =

Small, slow-moving organisms operate in a very _ world, whereas large fast-moving organisms are dominated by _

If an object is entrained in moving water, it will move along with _

Regular flow that occurs under relatively slow flow and low Re

Irregular flow that occurs under high velocities and high Re

Turbulence on the scale of _ occurs at high Re

On a smaller scale, turbulence involves _, which allows new water to arrive more quickly to the surface of small organisms

Water moves in a free stream above a surface, but its velocity is _ at the surface (the no-slip condition)

Layer of lower velocity and low Re adjacent to a surface

The principle of _ states that velocity is inversely proportional ti cross-sectional area

Organisms can propel water at low velocities with thousands of tiny structures called _

Water velocity through an exit channel is _ when the total cross-sectional area over which many flagellae act is much larger than the exit

Principle stating that pressure varies inversely with fluid velocity

Produced when pressure differs upstream and downstream of an object; can be reduced by streamlining, bending

The food available beyond an organism's cost of metabolism determines its _

Organisms respond to environmental change by reaching a new equilibrium, a process known as _

Organisms that have the same body temperature as the surrounding water

Organisms that regulate body temperature by restricting circulation, using insulating materials, or by countercurrent heat exchange

Responses to extreme temperature include the production of _, which help stabilize the catalytic activity of enzymes

Changing salinity presents challenges to marine species because of _ and _, which occur when internal environment differs from external

Inorganic and organic cellular constituents, regulated to adjust to changing salinity

Environments containing oxygen

Environments that lack oxygen

Organisms that require oxygen

Organisms that live in absence of oxygen

Blood pigments such as _ greatly increase the blood's capacity for oxygen transport

Occurs when thermocline in east Pacific moves down and stops upwelling; trade & zonal windsslacken, thermocline in west Pacific moves up

"Super-normal" conditions: cold Oregon winters, strong trade winds, higher pileup of water in west Pacific, more upwelling in west Pacific

Vertical currents due to temperature and salinity differentials

Cold, high salinity, oxygenated water flows along the deep seafloor at _ km/day

Causes large-scale patterns of temperature, salinity, and oxygen

Survey line of Atlantic ocean for salinity, temperature, oxygen, & depth

Globally-linked system of thermohaline circulation & surface currents

The great ocean conveyor system is unclearly linked to global _

The 10-year cycle in relative velocity of the California and Alaska currents, which affectsupwelling & productivity

When the Pacific decadal oscillation causes the California current to be stronger, which ismore productive, the gulf of Alaska or the PNW?

In recent years, climate change is likely making the Pacific decadal oscillation _ than it has been in the past

Recruitments of bocaccio rockfish in WA, OR, & CA _ during the warm regime of 1968-2000

There is much greater biodiversity in the sea because life _ there

About how many millions of species live under marine sediments?

About how many millions of macroscopic animal species live in the deep sea?

About _ million species live on coral reefs, which cover less than _% of the ocean area of the Earth

How many phyla are solely marine?

How many phyla are solely terrestrial?

How many phyla contain both marine and terrestrial organisms?

Because oceans are very salty compared with land environments, marine organisms are _ with the surrounding seawater

Seawater contains _ orders of magnitude less nutrients than rich soil

Seawater on average contains less than _% of the oxygen that air contains

Seawater is about _ times denser than air

Conditions in seawater favor _ plants and small or _ herbivores

Diatoms are an example of _

Copepods are an example of _

Sea squirts are an example of _

The energy or biomass stored in the consumer trophic level, divided by the energy stored in the consumed trophic level

Ecological efficiency is up to _% in the ocean

Herbivorous zooplankton are also called _

The high _ of seawater allows evolution of large predators

High ecological efficiency and few size constraints in the ocean allows the formation of many _

Organisms that sit on, attach to, or burrow in the seafloor

Organisms that drift or swim weakly in the water column

Plankton minimize _ and maximize _

Organisms that actively swim in the water column

Nekton minimize _ and maximize _

The open ocean, with no hiding places

Meaning "on the seafloor"

Fast nekton tend to have a _ shape, with a profile thickness (diameter/length) of about 0.25

Type of spawning that involves extruding as many gametes as possible into the water column

Because there is high predation in the ocean, organisms reproduce with high _

Broadcast spawning enables very wide _

When planktonic larvae stop drifting and change into their adult form

Numerical estimate of settlement

In fisheries, recruitment is said to occur when fish reach

Lecithotrophic larvae are _-lived

Lecithotrophic larvae have relatively _ dispersal

What is the main source of food for lecithotrophic larvae?

Many polychaetes, molluscs, and ascidians produce larvae of this type

Planktotrophic larvae are _-lived

Planktotrophic larvae have relatively _ dispersal

What is the main food source for planktotrophic larvae?

Most fish produce larvae of this type

A series of open populations linked by dispersal

An undirected movement of an individual to a new place

Directed movement of an individual between specific places

Reproduction that allows the maintenance of genetic diversity, which increases adaptibility

Species in which the sexes are separate

_ males may occur in species for whom it is difficult to find a mate

Affected by the mode of sperm transfer, volume of gamete production, distance between males and females, timing, etc.

Type of reproduction that permits the same genetic type to increase rapidly in an open environment

A population of genetically identical individuals, all deriving from one founder

High mortality selects for a _ first age of reproduction

The resources devoted to reproduction

Egg size _ with increasing egg numbers

Lowest level of the ecological hierarchy

Second lowest level of the ecological hierarchy, between individual and community; a group of individuals that are affected by same enviro.

Middle level of the ecological hierarchy; between population and ecosystem

Second highest level of the ecological hierarchy; between community and biosphere

Highest level of the ecological hierarchy

The range of habitats a species can occupy

Every organism is described by its _ and _

Evolutionary relationships can be used to construct _ of relationships

A regular spatial change of allele frequency within a geographic area

New species may arise when a _ isolates two populations any they no longer interbreed

The marine biota can be divided _ into provinces

The distribution of species is a result of _, dispersal, and _

The interaction among species

One or more _ species may alter a habitat to allow others to live there

Prey can survive by moving into _ or escaping, evolving fixed or _ responsive defenses, or they can _ their predator's ability to subdue

Common _ can reduce growth and reproduction, as well as cause _

The ordering of species appearance, usually following a disturbance

A group of interdependent communities in a single geographic area

Nearly all ecosystems have _ producers, which are consumed by herbivores and in turn eaten by carnivores

Material of primary producers that escapes the food chain passes through the _ cycle

Organisms that reproduce via broadcast spawning exhibit little _

Complex life cycle stage: diploid, give rise to spores by meiosis, grown from a zygote

Complex life cycle stage: haploid, settles to form gametophyte

Complex life cycle stage: haploid, produces male or female gametes

Complex life cycle stage: the result of fertilization between two gametes

The two types of hermaphroditism are _ and _

Form of sequential hermaphroditism in which small males become female when they reach a certain size

Form of sequential hermaphroditism in which small females become male when they reach a certain size

Form of hermaphroditism in which both male and female sexual organs are present in each individual; allows reproduction with any other

Small males in a protogynous species that resemble females, sneak in to mate with females

Slang term for sneaky males in a protogynous species

Organisms that go through haploid and diploid phases in each generation exhibit a _ life cycle

Broadcast spawning and high fecundity necessitate _ parental care

Some unusual species of fish exhibit _ parental care

Most invertebrates, particularly crustaceans, _ their eggs through development

Mammals and birds exhibit _ parental care

Type of fish that lays eggs or egg cases

Type of fish in which the mother keeps the embryo and yolk sac inside through development

Type of fish, including most sharks, in which internal fertilization occurs, each embryo has its own placenta, and are birthed live

High predation, strong parental care, and limited fecundity necessitate long distance _

The _ of adult feeding grounds and calving grounds necessitates long distance migration

Type of migration in which young adults move from their juvenile nursery to adult feeding grounds

Migration navigation via orientation to static landmarks such as coasts, chemical cues, or the Earth's magnetic field

Migration navigation via orientation to dynamic landmarks such as the sun, stars, or wave fronts

Magnetite-containing organ in sharks that allows magnetic navigation

Substance found in many fish, turtles, and dolphins that allows navigation by the Earth's magnetic field

The shape of a hammerhead shark allows better detection of _

Species whose life cycle is divided between marine and freshwater habitats

Diadromous fish species in which adults leave fresh water to spawn at sea

Diadromous fish species in which adults are marine, and return to fresh water to spawn (i.e. salmon)

Species whose life cycles are exclusively marine

Place where nekton spawn, after which the larvae drift as plankton to the nursery area

Place where juvenile nekton stay until they are ready to migrate to the open ocean

Anadromous fish live mostly in _ climates, where the sea is more productive

Catadromous fish live mostly in _ climates, where fresh water is more productive

Catadromous freshwater eels exist on both side of the Atlantic, and share a central spawning ground in the _ sea

Whales feed in _ regions, then move to _ regions for breeding

Population abundance or density is represented by the variable _

Factors that subtract from N

Factors that add to N

A metapopulation is referred to as a "_" in the context of fisheries

In an open population, "birth" refers to _

In a closed population, "birth" refers to _

_ and _ both regulate population density

In _, the per capita birth rate and death rate stay the same at different densities

Carrying capacity is represented by the variable _

Regulation with _ occurs between fluctuating values for K, and forms a "cloud of points" on a graph

During larval phase, most organisms are density _

During juvenile/adult phase, most organisms are density _

Variable density-independent mortality causes dominant _

Predation and _ cause larval mortality, but larvae are not usually abundant enough fordensity _ to occur

In the yolk-sac stage, a larva can

In the feeding stage, a larva are vulnerable to _, but less susceptible to _

Larvae may drift to or from their _ habitat

When larvae drift back and settle in their original spawning site, it is called _

When larvae drift away from their spawning site and settle elsewhere, it is called _

When poor year classes are caused by larval starvation due to drifting away from food, it is called the _ hypothesis

When poor year classes are caused by larval starvation due to hatching at the wrong time, it is called the _ hypothesis

Competition within a species is called _ competition

When intraspecific competition occurs, it leads to density _ growth, mortality, and fecundity

Competition between species is called _ competition

When interspecific competition occurs, it usually results in _

Predation causes density _ mortality in juveniles

Resident and transient predators occurring together cause density _ mortality; either one alone causes density _ mortality

Temperature, currents, _ levels, _ exposure, and undersea _ determine the geographical distribution of marine species

Salinity is _ in temperate regions

The full spectrum of light gets filtered out in the top layers of water, whereas blue light makes it down to about _ feet

Geology provides habitat by producing a varied _

Biogeographical domain in which temperature is cold, light varies seasonally, and nutrient levels are high

Biogeographical domain in which temperatures are cool, light levels are moderate, and nutrients vary seasonally

Biogeographical domain in which temperature is warm, light levels are high, and nutrient levels are low

Biogeographical domain in which temperature, light, and nutrients are highly variable

The ocean is divided globally into _ domains and about _ provinces

Oregon's biogeographical setting

Coastal waters off the western US are divided into the _ province in the north and the _ provincein the south

The dividing point between the Oregonian province and the San Diegan province

A place where warm and cold water mix, such as Point Conception

Subset of the Oregonian province

Oceanic surface masses are defined mostly by _ and _

A type of drifting pelagic snail

There are more species in the tropics because a stable _ leads to more _ production, which allows more _ species, and thus more niches for _

Polar regions contain few, _ zooplankton species

Tropical regions contain many _ zooplankton species

Rockfishes reach peak diversity around _, an exception to the rule of latitudinal diversity _

There are more herbivorous snail species in _ latitudes, but there are more snail speciestotal in _ latitudes

There are more genera of corals in the _ than any other region in the world

There are more coral genera in the Indo-Pacific because that ocean is _ than other oceans, and complex topography creates a bigger _ range

The term for the physical phenomenon that retains larvae in the Indo-Pacific due to currents, temperature, and island gaps

The theory that states that when multiple tectonic plates converge in the Indo-Pacific, they bring species close together

Ecological interaction in which two organisms are both affected negatively, inhibiting each other's access to resources

The two types of competition are _ and _, which are indirect and direct, respectively

A consumable biotic or abiotic factor that an organism needs for survival, growth, or reproduction

Ecological interaction in which one organisms is impacted negatively while the other is impacted positively, 1 consumes part/whole of other

Carnivory, herbivory, parasitism, and disease are all types of _

Ecological interaction in which one organism is unaffected, while the other is impacted negatively

Ecological interaction in which one organism is impacted positively, while the other is unaffected

Ecological interaction in which both organisms benefit

Broadcast spawning leads to larval dispersal via drift in currents, which leads to _ local populations, where "births" occur at settlement

The upper layer of the ocean has relatively _ nutrient content

Oxygen content is _ in the top layer of the ocean, and then _ again in the colder water in the deep

During La Nina, winters in Oregon are _ than average

During La Nina and normal conditions, the tropical sea level is _ in the west than in the east

Causes upwelling off South America to stop, and fisheries to collapse

Slipper snails and anemonefish exhibit this type of hermaphroditism

List the five abiotic factors which determine biogeographic distributions of benthic marine species

Spends its entire life drifting, or weakly swimming