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CSD 101 exam 4
what are the lips made up of? muscle
fat
what are the lips made up of?
muscle
what is the muscle of the lips?
orbicularis oris
what kind of a sphincter is the main muscle of the lips?
circular sphincter
what makes up the oral cavity?
front=lips
what are the main functions of lips?
mastication
what does the lingual frenulum do?
attaches the tongue to the mandible that is the most important frenulum
whats the most important frenulum?
lingual frenulum
what is the large bone that forms the lower jaw?
mandible
where does the mandible attach to the skull?
at a joint that joins the condylar process of the jaw to the temporal bone of the skull
what is the joint that joins the condylar process of the jaw to the temporal bone of the skull?
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
what makes up the temporomandibular joint?
the condylar process of the jaw connected to the temporal bone of the skull
what mandibule movements does the temporomandibular joint allow?
protrusion
what is the temporomandibular joint important for?
talking and chewing
how many teeth do children have?
20
have many teeth do adults have?
32
what are teeth important for?
biting
what are the 4 types of teeth?
incisors
what is dental occlusion?
the relationship between the upper and lower teeth
what is the relationship between the upper and lower teeth called?
dental occlusion
describe neutrocclusion
normal bite
describe the relationship between the upper and lower teeth in neutrocclusion?
first permanent molar in upper jaw positioned one half tooth behind first permanent molar of
lower jaw
describe distocclusion
overjet or overbite
describe the relationship between the upper and lower teeth in distocclusion
top teeth project way beyond the bottom teeth
what is class III of dental occlusion?
mesiocclusion
describe mesiocclusion
prognathic jaw
describe the relationship between the upper and lower teeth in mesiocclusion
bottom teeth project beyond top; firsts molar of lower jaw is anterior to its normal position
what is the hard palate lined with?
epithelium
what is the function of the hard palate?
keeps sound
what do the anterior 3/4 of the hard palate form?
palatine processes of the maxilla
describe palatine processes of the maxilla?
two bony plates that embryonically develop from the sides and meet at the midline
what do the posterior 1/4 of the hard palate form?
palatine bones of the skull
describe the palatine bones of the skull
they come out from the sides and meet at the midline during embryonic development
what is the structure defect of a cleft palate
what palatine bones of the skull do no meet at the midline during embryonic development
what is the alveolar ridge?
a projection of bone which houses the teeth
what is the alveolar ridge a part of?
hard palate
what is the soft palate made up of?
muscle and soft tissue
what is the soft palate also called?
velum
where does the soft palate attach to the hard palate?
via the palatal aponeurosis
what is the function of the palatal aponeurosis and describe it?
attaches to the hard palate to the soft palate
what does the palatal aponeurosis connect?
the soft palate to the hard palate
what is the function of the velum?
moves up to close off nasal passageway and down to allow sound and air to go through nasal
passage for nasal sounds
what is hypernasality?
too much nasality which is caused by the velum not closing off velopharyngeal passage to the
nasal cavity
what is it called when the velum not closing off velopharyngeal passage to the nasal cavity?
hypernasality
what is hyponasaility?
too little nasality caused by blockage of air and sound to nasal cavity
what is it called when there is a blockage of air and sound to the nasal cavity?
hyponasaility
what are the muscles of the velum?
levator veli palatini
location of the levator veli palatini
goes from temporal bone down to palatal aponeurosis
function of levator veli palatini based on location
comes in from right and left like a sling to pull velum up
location of musculus uvuli
back of palatine bones & palatine aponeurosis to cover of velum
function of musculus uvuli
bunches velum up and raises up
location of tensor veli palatine
sphenoid bone of skull and auditory tube to top and sides of velum
function of tensor veli palatine
previously thought to be important in closing off velopharyngeal port but now thought to open
eutacean (auditory) tube
location of palatoglossus- muscles of velum
front and sides of aponeurosis to sides of back part of tongue
function of palatoglossus- muscles of velum
depresses velum
what does the palatoglossus form?
anterior faucial pillars
location of palatoparyngeus
front of hard palate and midline of velum to back of thyroid cartilage
function of palatopharyngeus
depresses velum and narrows pharyngeal cavity
what does the palatopharyngeus form?
posterior faucial pillars
function of superior constrictor?
may help close the palate by bringing the walls of pharynx aorund the velum as it comes up
what do the superior constrictor form?
the lateral and posterior walls of pharynx
location of adenoids
part of the ring of tonsillar tissue that is in the upper pharynx
what are the adenoids important for?
velar closure
adenodis function
compensate for a short velum or a deep palate and if an adenoidectomy is done
what is velopharyngeal closure
velum is pulled up and back by muscles and then the lateral walls of the pharynx close around it
to make a tight seal
what functions is the tongue important for?
chewing
what are the portions of the tongue from front to back?
tip (apex)
what is the dorsum? (tongue)
broad superior surface of the tongue
what is the root? (tongue)
refers to the way back part that attaches to the hyoid bone and pharynx
what is the lingual frenulum?
connective tissues that connects bottom of the tongue to the mandible (lower jaw)
when does the tongue reach adult size?
age 16
what are the 2 types of muscles of the tongue?
intrinsics and extrinsics
what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
superior longitudinal
location of superior longitudinal
goes from back of tongue to tip and sides of blade
what is the overall function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
adjust the fine movements of shape and position of tongue
function of superior longitudinal
elevates tongue
if there is paralysis on one side how is the superior longitudinal affected?
if the paralysis on one side
location of inferior longitudinal
goes from root of tongue and hyoid to tip of tongue
function of inferior longitudinal
pulls tip down and helps retract tongue
location of transverse
goes from side to side of the tongue
function of transverse narrows tongue
like you need for the /s/ sound
location of vertical
from top surface (dorsum) of tongue down to bottom part of tongue
function of vertical
pulls tongue down
what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
genioglossus
what is the overall function of the extrinsic muscles?
attach tongue to structures outside the tongue
location of genioglossus
from inner front of mandible to tip and dorsum of tongue and to hyoid bone
function of genioglosssus
contraction of anterior fibers pulls tongue back
location of hyoglossus
from hyoid bone to lateral margins of tongue
function of hyoglossus
pulls sides of tongue down
location of palatoglossus- extrinsic tongue muscle
palatal aponeurosis to sides of posterior part of tongue
function of palatoglossus- extrinsic tongue muscle
elevates back of tongue
location of styloglossus
styloid process of temporal bone down to lateral margins of tongue
function of styloglossus
elevates and retracts tongue
what is the pharynx important for?
swallowing
what is the pharynx divided into?
nasopharynx
what are the muscles of the pharynx
cricopharyngeus
what is the overall function of the muscles of the pharynx?
narrow the pharynx when contracted so they can squeeze food down the pharynx
location and description of cricopharyngeus
lowest muscle in pharynx
location and description of inferior constrictor
originates from sides of thyroid cartilage
location and description of middle constrictor
originates from hyoid bone
location and description of stylopharyngeus
from styloid process of temporal bone
function of stylopharyngeus
help elevate and open pharynx
location and description of salpingopharyngeus
in nasopharynx
function of salpingopharyngeus
helps open eustacean tube
location and description of superior constrictor
forms topmost part of pharynx
function of superior constrictor
important in closing the back and sides of the pharynx around the velum
what are the 2 nasal cavities separated by?
nasal septum
what are the nasal passages lined with?
mucous membrane with cilia
what is the purpose of the cilia lining the nasal passages?
to warm
the nasal septum separates what?
the 2 nasal cavities
what are the valves of the vocal tract?
labial valve
where it the labial valve?
lips
where it the lingual valve?
tongue
what are the lips made up of?
muscle
where is the velopharyngeal valve?
velum + walls of pharynx
what is the muscle of the lips?
orbicularis oris
where it the laryngeal valve?
vocal folds
what kind of a sphincter is the main muscle of the lips?
circular sphincter
what is a stop?
momentary blockage of air through oral cavity
what makes up the oral cavity?
front=lips
what is a fricative?
air forced through a narrow channel
what are the main functions of lips?
mastication
what is an acoustic feature for a stop?
silent gap
what does the lingual frenulum do?
attaches the tongue to the mandible that is the most important frenulum
what is an acoustic feature for a fricative?
turbulence or "noise"
whats the most important frenulum?
lingual frenulum
what is an affricate?
they begin as a stop and change to a fricative
what is the large bone that forms the lower jaw?
mandible
what is an acoustic feature for an affricate?
combination of first a stop and then a fricative
what is a nasal?
oral cavity blocked but VP port open so sound radiates in nasal cavity
where does the mandible attach to the skull?
at a joint that joins the condylar process of the jaw to the temporal bone of the skull
what is an acoustic feature for a nasal?
bands of no energy (white space) where formants usually are and a strong low-frequency
formant
what is the joint that joins the condylar process of the jaw to the temporal bone of the skull?
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
what are the obstruent sounds?
stops
what makes up the temporomandibular joint?
the condylar process of the jaw connected to the temporal bone of the skull
why are stops
fricatives
what mandibule movements does the temporomandibular joint allow?
protrusion
what is the temporomandibular joint important for?
talking and chewing
what are stops
fricatives
how many teeth do children have?
20
what is a glide?
tongue shifts rapidly from position for one vowel to another
have many teeth do adults have?
32
what is an acoustic feature for a glide?
rapid formant changes
what are teeth important for?
biting
what is a liquid?
tongue holds a steady state and then moves to the next sound
what are the 4 types of teeth?
incisors
what is an acoustic feature for a liquid?
steady formants that change strongly for next sound
what is dental occlusion?
the relationship between the upper and lower teeth
what is the relationship between the upper and lower teeth called?
dental occlusion
what are nasals
glides
describe neutrocclusion
normal bite
what are the sonorant sounds?
nasals
describe the relationship between the upper and lower teeth in neutrocclusion?
first permanent molar in upper jaw positioned one half tooth behind first permanent molar of
lower jaw
why are nasals
glides
describe distocclusion
overjet or overbite
what are the two major dimensions of vowels?
tongue height and tongue advancement
describe the relationship between the upper and lower teeth in distocclusion
top teeth project way beyond the bottom teeth
what is an acoustic signature?
the way each vowel and consonant is produced gives rise to its acoustic characteristics
what is class III of dental occlusion?
mesiocclusion
describe mesiocclusion
prognathic jaw
describe the relationship between the upper and lower teeth in mesiocclusion
bottom teeth project beyond top; firsts molar of lower jaw is anterior to its normal position
what is the hard palate lined with?
epithelium
what is the function of the hard palate?
keeps sound
what do the anterior 3/4 of the hard palate form?
palatine processes of the maxilla
describe palatine processes of the maxilla?
two bony plates that embryonically develop from the sides and meet at the midline
what do the posterior 1/4 of the hard palate form?
palatine bones of the skull
describe the palatine bones of the skull
they come out from the sides and meet at the midline during embryonic development
what is the structure defect of a cleft palate
what palatine bones of the skull do no meet at the midline during embryonic development
what is the alveolar ridge?
a projection of bone which houses the teeth
what is the alveolar ridge a part of?
hard palate
what is the soft palate made up of?
muscle and soft tissue
what is the soft palate also called?
velum
where does the soft palate attach to the hard palate?
via the palatal aponeurosis
what is the function of the palatal aponeurosis and describe it?
attaches to the hard palate to the soft palate
what does the palatal aponeurosis connect?
the soft palate to the hard palate
what is the function of the velum?
moves up to close off nasal passageway and down to allow sound and air to go through nasal
passage for nasal sounds
what is hypernasality?
too much nasality which is caused by the velum not closing off velopharyngeal passage to the
nasal cavity
what is it called when the velum not closing off velopharyngeal passage to the nasal cavity?
hypernasality
what is hyponasaility?
too little nasality caused by blockage of air and sound to nasal cavity
what is it called when there is a blockage of air and sound to the nasal cavity?
hyponasaility
what are the muscles of the velum?
levator veli palatini
location of the levator veli palatini
goes from temporal bone down to palatal aponeurosis
function of levator veli palatini based on location
comes in from right and left like a sling to pull velum up
location of musculus uvuli
back of palatine bones & palatine aponeurosis to cover of velum
function of musculus uvuli
bunches velum up and raises up
location of tensor veli palatine
sphenoid bone of skull and auditory tube to top and sides of velum
function of tensor veli palatine
previously thought to be important in closing off velopharyngeal port but now thought to open
eutacean (auditory) tube
location of palatoglossus- muscles of velum
front and sides of aponeurosis to sides of back part of tongue
function of palatoglossus- muscles of velum
depresses velum
what does the palatoglossus form?
anterior faucial pillars
location of palatoparyngeus
front of hard palate and midline of velum to back of thyroid cartilage
function of palatopharyngeus
depresses velum and narrows pharyngeal cavity
what does the palatopharyngeus form?
posterior faucial pillars
function of superior constrictor?
may help close the palate by bringing the walls of pharynx aorund the velum as it comes up
what do the superior constrictor form?
the lateral and posterior walls of pharynx
location of adenoids
part of the ring of tonsillar tissue that is in the upper pharynx
what are the adenoids important for?
velar closure
adenodis function
compensate for a short velum or a deep palate and if an adenoidectomy is done
what is velopharyngeal closure
velum is pulled up and back by muscles and then the lateral walls of the pharynx close around it
to make a tight seal
what functions is the tongue important for?
chewing
what are the portions of the tongue from front to back?
tip (apex)
what is the dorsum? (tongue)
broad superior surface of the tongue
what is the root? (tongue)
refers to the way back part that attaches to the hyoid bone and pharynx
what is the lingual frenulum?
connective tissues that connects bottom of the tongue to the mandible (lower jaw)
when does the tongue reach adult size?
age 16
what are the 2 types of muscles of the tongue?
intrinsics and extrinsics
what are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
superior longitudinal
location of superior longitudinal
goes from back of tongue to tip and sides of blade
what is the overall function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
adjust the fine movements of shape and position of tongue
function of superior longitudinal
elevates tongue
if there is paralysis on one side how is the superior longitudinal affected?
if the paralysis on one side
location of inferior longitudinal
goes from root of tongue and hyoid to tip of tongue
function of inferior longitudinal
pulls tip down and helps retract tongue
location of transverse
goes from side to side of the tongue
function of transverse narrows tongue
like you need for the /s/ sound
location of vertical
from top surface (dorsum) of tongue down to bottom part of tongue
function of vertical
pulls tongue down
what are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
genioglossus
what is the overall function of the extrinsic muscles?
attach tongue to structures outside the tongue
location of genioglossus
from inner front of mandible to tip and dorsum of tongue and to hyoid bone
function of genioglosssus
contraction of anterior fibers pulls tongue back
location of hyoglossus
from hyoid bone to lateral margins of tongue
function of hyoglossus
pulls sides of tongue down
location of palatoglossus- extrinsic tongue muscle
palatal aponeurosis to sides of posterior part of tongue
function of palatoglossus- extrinsic tongue muscle
elevates back of tongue
location of styloglossus
styloid process of temporal bone down to lateral margins of tongue
function of styloglossus
elevates and retracts tongue
what is the pharynx important for?
swallowing
what is the pharynx divided into?
nasopharynx
what are the muscles of the pharynx
cricopharyngeus
what is the overall function of the muscles of the pharynx?
narrow the pharynx when contracted so they can squeeze food down the pharynx
location and description of cricopharyngeus
lowest muscle in pharynx
location and description of inferior constrictor
originates from sides of thyroid cartilage
location and description of middle constrictor
originates from hyoid bone
location and description of stylopharyngeus
from styloid process of temporal bone
function of stylopharyngeus
help elevate and open pharynx
location and description of salpingopharyngeus
in nasopharynx
function of salpingopharyngeus
helps open eustacean tube
location and description of superior constrictor
forms topmost part of pharynx
function of superior constrictor
important in closing the back and sides of the pharynx around the velum
what are the 2 nasal cavities separated by?
nasal septum
what are the nasal passages lined with?
mucous membrane with cilia
what is the purpose of the cilia lining the nasal passages?
to warm
the nasal septum separates what?
the 2 nasal cavities
what are the valves of the vocal tract?
labial valve
where it the labial valve?
lips
where it the lingual valve?
tongue
where is the velopharyngeal valve?
velum + walls of pharynx
where it the laryngeal valve?
vocal folds
what is a stop?
momentary blockage of air through oral cavity
what is a fricative?
air forced through a narrow channel
what is an acoustic feature for a stop?
silent gap
what is an acoustic feature for a fricative?
turbulence or "noise"
what is an affricate?
they begin as a stop and change to a fricative
what is an acoustic feature for an affricate?
combination of first a stop and then a fricative
what is a nasal?
oral cavity blocked but VP port open so sound radiates in nasal cavity
what is an acoustic feature for a nasal?
bands of no energy (white space) where formants usually are and a strong low-frequency
formant
what are the obstruent sounds?
stops
why are stops
fricatives
what are stops
fricatives
what is a glide?
tongue shifts rapidly from position for one vowel to another
what is an acoustic feature for a glide?
rapid formant changes
what is a liquid?
tongue holds a steady state and then moves to the next sound
what is an acoustic feature for a liquid?
steady formants that change strongly for next sound
what are nasals
glides
what are the sonorant sounds?
nasals
why are nasals
glides
what are the two major dimensions of vowels?
tongue height and tongue advancement
what is an acoustic signature?
the way each vowel and consonant is produced gives rise to its acoustic characteristics