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-ch written as [x] in Gaelic, [ʃ] in french, [ʃ], [tʃ], [k] in English

• [V] - bh/mh/gh anns a’ Ghàidhlig (m.e. leugh), v anns a’ Bheurla, w anns a’ Ghearmailtis.

There is a silent letter on the other side of the consonant (me greiseag)

bhuail Seumas cu

have one argument: the subject - dh'ith an cat

have two arguments: agent and patient - dh

have three arguments: agent, object and indirect object - Thug Seumas am ball do dh'Iain

Cas mu seachd and cosubordination - chi mi e agus e a' togail fiodh (non-finite contains a single argument that precedes the verb)

deected using: replacement (PN, wh- word) / dislocation / clefting

Bhiadhaich e a’ bhò leis an laogh bhàn / Bhiadhaich an gille i

Co bhiadhaich an gille? A’ bho leis an laugh bhàn

cha leugh Eilidh obair Rankin-> obair Rankin cha leugh Eilidh

a)’s ann air a’ bhòrd a leum an gille a-raoir b)’s e an gille trom a leum air a’ bhòrd a-raoir c)’s ann a-raoir a leum an gille trom air a-r

coordination / subordination / cosubordination

Using a conjunction (agus) / Disjunction (no) / Exclusion (ach)

Add a complement clause that doesnt make sense by itself - can be verb, noun or adjective headed

tha mi a' smaoineachadh gun tuirt e sin

tha fhios gun bi e ann

tha e coltach nach do thuig iad

air sgath, a chionn, leis, ri linn, seach, thoradh, do bhrigh, bho e.c.t

normally uses Ged - ged a tha mi sgith, cha stad mi

uses subordinators ma, mas and nan/nam - ni mi e mas urrainn dhomh / dheanainn e nam b' urrainn dhomh

uses agus and is non-finite - dh'fhalbh Alasdair agus an t-acras air, no clefts

words that stand for things like Paris stands for the capital of France.

a type of opposites that can have something in-between. Big : middle : small

opposites like dead and alive there is nothing between them you are either dead or alive.

Somethings that means more or less the same thing dona : uabhasach seann : aosta

more than one meaning for one word like 'crann' (plough, tree, dick)

The meaning of a more general word e.g. dog and cat are hyponymys of animal

relation between a lexical item denoting a part and that denoting the corresponding whole e.g different parts of the body

meaning of words and links between words and between the word and the meaning.

How grammar effects the meaning, structure and order of the words.

Setting/scence, participants, ends of a speech, act sequence (content), key (manner, tone), instrumentalities (dialects, lang.) norms, genre

Carson a thachair sin? - understanding the reason for things and solving problems