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Lifescience
genetics
34 cards·by Gromas
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What are gametes?
Gametes are the products of meiosis. They are the sex cells that become offspring.
How are plant gametes different from animal gametes?
Plant gametes include pollen and ova, animal gametes include sperm and eggs
If fertilised plant gametes make a seed, what do fertilised animal gametes make?
a zygote
How is sexual reproduction different to asexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction include the fusion of gametes and the offspring are genetically
different. Asexual reproduction involves mitosis and the
What is the name of the process to make gametes?
Meiosis
What name is given to the process of cell replication?
Mitosis
How are non-identical twins created?
Two sperm fertilise two separate eggs.
Is this the same as identical twins?
One sperm fertilises one egg, the zygote then splits into two separate individuals
Which sex chromosomes do men have?
XY
Are women the same?
XX
Which parent is responsible for determining gender?
The father. The mother can only pass on the X chromosome. If the father passes on his X, a
daughter is produced. If the father pass
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
How many chromosomes are found in a normal human cell?
46 (23 pairs)
Why do normal gametes only contain 23 chromosomes?
Because two gametes fuse together to make a zygote, which eventually develops into a new
individual.
What is found in the nucleus?
DNA
What controls everything the cell does?
Proteins, DNA or Nucleus
What happens to individuals with an abnormal number of chromosomes?
They have severe conditions, such as Downs Syndrome, which affects their development.
Define the terms dominant and recessive.
Dominant traits are always shown, they can mask the presence of recessive traits. Recessive
traits require two alleles to be shown.
What is the genotype of a person who is a carrier of a Trait “A”?
Aa
Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous.
Homozygous means that a person has two copies of the same allele (these can be dominant or
recessive). Heterozygous means that a person has
Define the terms genotype and phenotype. Give an example of each.
Genotype is the code for the alleles you possess. Eg) AA. Phenotype is the term for how that
traits appears Eg) Brown eyes.
How can the phenotype be influenced by the environment?
The phenotype can be changed by the environment, the genotype cannot. For example. Your
genotype may determine your brown hair, but exposure
How many alleles can an individual have for one trait? Explain your answer.
Two, because you have two copies of every gene.
If 50% of your DNA is paternal and 50% is maternal, why is it possible to look more like one
biological parent?
It depends on whether the traits are dominant or recessive.
How is co-dominance different to incomplete dominance? Give an example of each.
Codominance occurs when each dominant allele is partially expressed. Eg) White with red
spots. Incomplete dominance occurs when two dominant
How are sex-linked traits different to autosomal traits?
Sex-linked genes can be found on the sex chromosomes (X and Y). Autosomal traits are found on
the first 22 chromosomes.
Why are men more likely to be affected by an x-linked recessive trait?
Because they have a 50/50 shot of getting a recessive allele and only need one allele to show the
trait. Women require two recessive alleles
What are punnet squares? What do they show? What don’t they show?
Punnett squares are a probability test to see what possible offspring could be produced by two
individuals based on their genotype for one t
Why is prenatal testing beneficial?
You can be prepared
What is a setback of this testing?
Some families may not want to know. It could have a false result
What is meiosis?
type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each with half the chromosome number
of the parent cell.
What is mitosis?
makes an complete copie of the chromosome.
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